FIG. 1.

AMPK knockdown reduces cell surface area. Cells were visualized using the anti-alpha 1 sodium/potassium ATPase antibody (green) and DAPI (blue) in conjunction with deconvolving microscopy and IMARIS software. (A) Representative progenitor AMPK KD and Control SM10 trophoblast cells. (B) Representative TGF-β-treated, differentiated (Differentiated) AMPK KD, and Control SM10 cells. Mean ± SEM for (C) cell surface area and (D) cell volume, calculated in IMARIS from user placed surfaces. (E) Surface area to volume ratio (n = 15 for each group). *P ≤ 0.05, **P ≤ 0.01, ***P ≤ 0.001, ****P ≤ 0.0001 two-way ANOVA with Tukey's multiple comparisons test. ANOVA, analysis of variance. Color images available online at www.liebertpub.com/scd