Table 2.
Comparisons of intervention and control group at one week and one month after ECS (intention-to-treat analyses).
| Intervention Mean ± SDa | Control Mean ± SDa | t | d | SE | 95% CI for d | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| One week after ECS | n = 29 | n = 27 | |||||
| Primary outcome: | |||||||
| Intrusive memories of ECS (diary) total | 4.77 ± 10.71 | 9.22 ± 10.69 | 2.421* | 0.647 | 0.280 | 0.106, 1.182 | 0.017 |
| Acute Stress Disorder (1 week) | |||||||
| ASDS Total score | 20.64 ± 8.43 | 24.22 ± 8.40 | 1.558 | 0.417 | 0.275 | −0.115, 0.945 | 0.120 |
| ASDS re-experiencing subscale | 5.69 ± 2.64 | 6.37 ± 2.64 | 1.879 | 0.503 | 0.277 | −0.032, 1.033 | 0.060 |
| ASDS avoidance subscale | 2.14 ± 0.37 | 2.07 ± 0.37 | 0.793 | 0.212 | 0.273 | −0.315, 0.737 | 0.428 |
| ASDS arousal subscale | 7.00 ± 3.33 | 8.37 ± 3.34 | 1.213 | 0.324 | 0.274 | −0.205, 0.850 | 0.226 |
| ASDS dissociation subscale | 4.48 ± 1.86 | 4.74 ± 1.86 | 0.884 | 0.236 | 0.273 | −0.291, 0.761 | 0.378 |
| HADS Anxietyb (1 week) | 5.45 ± 3.39 | 6.34 ± 3.39 | 1.079 | 0.289 | 0.274 | −0.239, 0.815 | 0.318 |
| HADS Depression (1 week) | 4.41 ± 3.79 | 4.12 ± 3.75 | 0.213 | 0.060 | 0.272 | −0.465, 0.584 | 0.832 |
| One month after ECS | n = 29 | n = 27 | |||||
| Posttraumatic stress disorder (1 month) | |||||||
| PDS total scorec | 5.60 ± 7.61 | 6.93 ± 7.69 | 0.271 | 0.072 | 0.272 | −0.453, 0.596 | 0.787 |
| PDS hyperarousal subscale score | 2.10 ± 3.18 | 2.43 ± 3.09 | 0.798 | 0.213 | 0.273 | −0.314, 0.738 | 0.425 |
| PDS reexperiencing subscale score | 1.62 ± 2.39 | 2.10 ± 2.31 | 1.012 | 0.270 | 0.274 | −0.258, 0.795 | 0.312 |
| PDS avoidance subscale score | 2.03 ± 3.63 | 2.48 ± 3.54 | 1.008 | 0.270 | 0.274 | −0.258, 0.795 | 0.314 |
| HADS Anxietyb (1 month) | 5.32 ± 3.79 | 5.85 ± 3.55 | 0.620 | 0.166 | 0.273 | −0.360, 0.690 | 0.505 |
| HADS Depression (1 month)d | 4.35 ± 3.90 | 3.13 ± 4.04 | −0.862 | −0.231 | 0.273 | −0.756, 0.296 | 0.389 |
| n (%)a | n (%)a | χ2(1) | Log (OR) | SE | 95%CI for OR | p | |
| PTSD diagnostic criteria (1 month)1 | 1.7 (5.9%) | 7.3 (27.0) | 2.87 | 1.884 | 1.113 | 0.730, 59.325 | 0.092 |
| PDS re-experiencing cluster symptom count2 | 16.4 (56.6%) | 17.0 (63.0%) | 0.21 | 0.270 | 0.586 | 0.415, 4.138 | 0.645 |
| PDS avoidance cluster symptom count3 | 3.0 (10.3%) | 9.9 (36.7%) | 3.90 | 1.646 | 0.834 | 1.003, 26.835 | 0.050 |
| PDS hyperarousal cluster symptom count4 | 10.2 (35.2%) | 13.6 (50.4%) | 1.05 | 0.631 | 0.617 | 0.557, 6.344 | 0.307 |
*p < 0.05.
a averages over 10 multiple imputations; bt-test on untransformed data; ct-test on log-transformed data; dt-test on square root-transformed data; for all other outcomes a ranked t-test (non-parametric) was used.
1at least one re-experiencing, 3 avoidance and 2 hyperarousal symptoms on PDS, 2at least 1 re-experiencing symptom, 3at least 3 avoidance symptoms, 4at least 2 hyperarousal symptoms.
ECS = emergency caesarean section; ASDS = Acute Stress Disorder Scale; HADS = Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; PDS = Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale; PTSD = Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.