Table 3.
Comparisons of intervention and control group at one week and one month after ECS (per protocol analyses).
| Intervention Mean ± SD | Control Mean ± SD | F | d | SE | 95% CI for d | p | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| One week after ECS | n = 25 | n = 24 | ||||||
| Primary outcome: | ||||||||
| Intrusive memories of ECS (diary) total | 3.54 ± 11.16 | 9.00 ± 9.32 | 10.94*** | 0.945 | 0.308 | 0.349, 1.532 | 0.002 | |
| n = 24 | n = 23 | |||||||
| Acute Stress Disorder (1 week) | ||||||||
| ASDS Total score | 19.67 ± 6.03 | 24.48 ± 9.82 | 2.738 | 0.483 | 0.303 | −0.100, 1.061 | 0.105 | |
| ASDS re-experiencing subscale | 5.38 ± 1.74 | 7.43 ± 3.31 | 4.751* | 0.636 | 0.306 | 0.046, 1.219 | 0.035 | |
| ASDS avoidance subscale | 2.42 ± 1.02 | 2.83 ± 2.04 | 0.526 | 0.212 | 0.299 | −0.364, 0.783 | 0.472 | |
| ASDS arousal subscale | 8.00 ± 3.54 | 9.22 ± 3.98 | 1.369 | 0.341 | 0.300 | −0.237, 0.915 | 0.248 | |
| ASDS dissociation subscale | 3.87 ± 1.48 | 5.00 ± 2.30 | 1.692 | 0.380 | 0.301 | −0.199, 0.955 | 0.200 | |
| HADS Anxietya (1 week) | 5.21 ± 2.55 | 6.57 ± 3.98 | t = 1.386 | 0.404 | 0.301 | −0.176, 0.980 | 0.174 | |
| HADS Depression (1 week) | 4.04 ± 3.28 | 4.00 ± 3.58 | 0.033 | 0.053 | 0.298 | −0.519, 0.625 | 0.858 | |
| One month after ECS | n = 24 | n = 23 | ||||||
| Posttraumatic stress disorder (1 month) | ||||||||
| PDS total scoreb | 4.04 ± 4.41 | 7.39 ± 8.06 | t = 1.112 | 0.324 | 0.300 | −0.254, 0.898 | 0.272 | |
| PDS hyperarousal subscale score | 1.46 ± 1.77 | 2.61 ± 2.97 | 1.424 | 0.348 | 0.301 | −0.230, 0.922 | 0.239 | |
| PDS re-experiencing subscale score | 1.25 ± 1.48 | 2.22 ± 2.75 | 0.968 | 0.287 | 0.300 | −0.290, 0.860 | 0.330 | |
| PDS avoidance subscale score | 1.33 ± 2.30 | 2.57 ± 3.55 | 2.011 | 0.414 | 0.302 | −0.166, 0.990 | 0.163 | |
| n = 23 | n = 23 | |||||||
| HADS Anxietya (1 month) | 5.17 ± 3.08 | 5.87 ± 3.81 | t = 0.681 | 0.201 | 0.302 | −0.380, 0.779 | 0.499 | |
| HADS Depression (1 month)c | 4.26 ± 3.71 | 3.04 ± 3.39 | t = 1.185 | 0.349 | 0.304 | −0.235, 0.930 | 0.242 | |
|
n (%) (n = 24) |
n (%) (n = 23) |
χ2(1) | Log (OR) | SE | 95%CI for OR | p | ||
| PTSD diagnostic criteria (1 month)1 | 1 (4.2%) | 7 (30.4%) | 4.268* | −2.309 | 1.118 | 0.011, 0.888 | 0.039 | |
| PDS re-experiencing cluster symptom count4 (N, %) | 14 (58.3%) | 15 (65.2%) | 0.235 | −0.292 | 0.603 | 0.229, 2.432 | 0.628 | |
| PDS avoidance cluster symptom count2 (N, %) | 2 (8.3%) | 9 (39.1%) | 5.256* | −1.956 | 0.853 | 0.027, 0.753 | 0.022 | |
| PDS hyperarousal cluster symptom count3 (N, %) | 8 (33.3%) | 12 (52.2%) | 1.683 | −0.780 | 0.601 | 0.141, 1.490 | 0.195 | |
*p < 0.05; ***p < 0.005.
at-test on untransformed data; bt-test on log-transformed data; ct-test on square root-transformed data; for all other outcomes a ranked t-test (non-parametric) was used.
1at least one re-experiencing, 3 avoidance and 2 hyperarousal symptoms on PDS, 2 at least 3 avoidance symptoms, 3 at least 2 hyperarousal symptoms, 4 at least 1 re-experiencing symptom.
ECS = emergency caesarean section; ASDS = Acute Stress Disorder Scale; HADS = Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; PDS = Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale.