Table 1.
Baseline demographic and biochemical characteristics of study participantsa
| Characteristics | CKD patients (n = 77) | Healthy cohort (n = 39) |
|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||
| Age (years), median (IQR) | 68 (55–74)* | 52 (36–57) |
| Gender (male), n (%) | 57 (74)* | 17 (43.6) |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 29.6 ± 6.9† | 26.3 ± 4.2 |
| CKD stages, n (%) | ||
| Stage 1 CKD/no CKD (eGFR > 90 ml/min/1.73 m2) | 6 (7.8) | n/a |
| Stage 2 CKD (eGFR 60–90 ml/min/1.73 m2) | 17 (22.1) | |
| Stage 3a CKD (eGFR 45–60 ml/min/1.73 m2) | 16 (20.8) | |
| Stage 3b CKD (eGFR 30–45 ml/min/1.73 m2) | 20 (25.9) | |
| Stage 4 CKD (eGFR 15–30 ml/min/1.73 m2) | 15 (19.5) | |
| Stage 5 CKD (eGFR <15 ml/min/1.73 m2) | 3 (3.9) | |
| CKD aetiology, n (%) | ||
| Glomerulonephritis | 21 (27.3) | n/a |
| Diabetic nephropathy | 15 (19.5) | |
| Vascular disease | 17 (22) | |
| Reflux nephropathy | 3 (3.9) | |
| Other | 21 (27.3) | |
| - Nephrectomy | 9 | |
| - Obstructive uropathy | 3 | |
| - Tubulointerstitial disease | 3 | |
| Biochemical parameters | ||
| Serum potassium (mmol/L) | 4.4 ± 0.5* | 4.0 ± 0.4 |
| Serum albumin (g/L) | 35 ± 5* | 41 ± 3 |
| Serum calcium (mmol/L) | 2.35 ± 0.25 | 2.35 ± 0.24 |
| Serum alkaline phosphatase (IU/L) | 97 (73–120) | 71 (57–87) |
| Serum 25(OH)D (nmol/L) | 60 (42–80) | 51 (31–75) |
| Intact PTH (pmol/L) | 7.90 (4.6–14.1)* | 2.65 (1.97–3.85) |
| Serum phosphate (mmol/L) | 1.14 ± 0.3 | 1.08 ± 0.15 |
| Serum creatinine (μmol/L) | 168 (119–208)* | 65 (57–77) |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 36.7 (26.8–50.1)* | 99.2 (95–112.4) |
| 24-h UPE (mmol/day) | 24.8 (16.55–31.8)† | 32.3 (21.75–41.35) |
| 24-h creatinine excretion (mmol/day) | 11.97 ± 4.81† | 13.89 ± 4.67 |
| 24-h FEPi | 25.05 (14.94–34.28)* | 10.98 (7.89–16.1) |
| 24-h TmP/GFR | 0.74 ± 0.35* | 0.96 ± 0.25 |
| Soluble klotho (pg/mL) | 408 (340–528)* | 542 (439–806) |
| Intact FGF-23 (pg/mL) | 94 (65–160)* | 41 (38–53) |
a
Independent t-test or Mann–Whitney U-test performed for continuous variables and chi-square test performed for gender.
*
P ≤ 0.001 and
†
P < 0.05 compared with control group.