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. 2017 May 18;40(1):10–20. doi: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.2994

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Copyright: © Witt et al.

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

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Expression of the TGF-β receptor 2 in (2D) monolayer and (3D) pellet cultures under (A) hypoxic and (B) normoxic culture conditions. Human chondrocytes were cultured as monolayer or pellet cultures and stimulated with TGF-β1 and/or IGF-1. After 24, 48 and 72 h, RNA was isolated and the gene expression rate of the TGF-β receptor 2 was quantified using qPCR. Data in the diagrams (from monolayer cultures) are presented as box plots with median, interquartile ranges and minimum/maximum values (n=5). Statistical analysis was conducted using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. ^*P≤0.05, comparison between growth factors; ^°P≤0.05, comparison between time points; ^#P≤0.05, comparison to the starting time point (0 h). Data in the tables in the bottom panels are presented as the mean values ± SEM from monolayer (2D, n=5) and pellet (3D, n=3) cultures. TGF-β1 transforming growth factor-β1; IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor-1.