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. 2017 Mar 7;6(3):165–172. doi: 10.1007/s40037-017-0333-5

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1

The confluence of socio-cultural forces and fear, frustration and helplessness lead to stigmatizing labels being attached to patients with mental illness and further avoidance behaviours which perpetuate frustration and helplessness. Possible solutions include re-framing patient-provider interactions towards humanizing labels, emphasizing compassion, empathy and openness. Fostering engagement may enhance provider self-efficacy