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. 2017 May 21;19(5):e179. doi: 10.2196/jmir.7290

Table 1.

Included studies and population characteristics.

Study Definition of LBPa Number Age, mean (SD)b Sex (%) Ethnicity (%) Comorbid (%) SES (%)c
Chiauzzi et al [29]


United States		 LBP ≥10 days/month for at least 3 consecutive months

N=209


Id=104
Ce=105

I=47.3 (12.2)
C=45.0 (11.7)		 I=Ff
(67)
C=F (68)		 White
I=85
C=87		 N/Rg Education
I=72
C=77
report partial college or associates degree or higher


Income,
I=79
C=84
report ≥US $25,000/year
Simon et al [35]


Germany		 Acute LBP (<3 months) N=1343


I=691
C=652

I=45.8 (12.7)h
C=45.3 (13.0)h 		F (82)h N/R N/R Education
60% “high” education levelh
Carpenter et al [28]


United States		 Noncancer LBP ≥6 months N=141


I=70
C=71



42.5 (10.3)



F (83) White (77) N/R Education
54% ≤2 years college
Krein et al [33]


Krein et al [34]i


United States		 Patients with ≥2 outpatient encounters within the past 12 months with a diagnosis of back pain with no neurologic findings (ICD­-9-­CM codes 724.2, 724.5, 846.0­-846.9)

N=229h


I=111
C=118




130/groupj 		I=51.2 (12.5)
C=51.9 (12.8)		 I=F (11%)
C=F (14)		 White
I=74
C=86		 N/R Education
I=72
C=75
reported some college or higher


Income,
I=82
C=87
≥US $10,000/year

Irvine et al [32]


United States		 Nonspecific LBP within the past 3 months N=398


I=199
C=199



N/R I=F (58%)
C=F (63)		 White
I=76
C=82		 N/R Education
I=87
C=94
report some college or higher


Income,
I=89
C=94
≥US $ 20,000/year
Weymann et al [37]


Dirmaier et al [30]i


Germany		 Chronic LBP: pain almost every day for >12 weeks N=368h


Randomized
I=190
C=188




207/groupj 		I=52.2 (13.1)h
C=52.7 (13.0)h 		I=F, 162 (59)h
C=F, 162 (59)h 		N/R N/R Educationh
I=53
C=51
reported >10 years of education
Geraghty et al [31]i


United Kingdom		 LBP in the past 3 months recorded in General Practitioner records and current LBP (or within the past 2 weeks) at the time of screening 20-30/group - - - - -
Valenzuela-Pascual et al [36]i


Spain		 Chronic LBP >6 months, confirmed by clinician 29/group - - - - -
Amorim et al [27]i


Australia		 Chronic LBP persisting for
>12 weeks but without radicular symptoms		 34/group - - - - -

aLBP: low back pain.

bSD: standard deviation.

cSES: socioeconomic status.

dI: intervention group.

eC: control group.

fF: female.

gN/R: not reported.

hPopulation comprising more conditions than LBP, numbers refer to the general population and were not available for LBP group only.

iProtocol paper, no data available unless reported alongside the RCT results paper.

jPlanned number to recruit based on protocol paper.