Table 3.

Intervention components and theoretical underpinnings.

Study	Content	Theoretical underpinning of content
Chiauzzi et al [29]	Educational material: content not more specifically described Wellness activities: enhance good sleep, nutrition, stress management, exercise practices	Cognitive behavior theory Collaborative decision making
Simon et al [35]	Condition-specific information: epidemiology, etiology, diagnostics, treatment options	N/Ra
Carpenter et al [28]	Educational chapters: all about pain, thoughts and pain, stress and relaxation, getting active Didactic material and interactive exercises Patient stories Guided relaxation and meditation exercises	Cognitive therapy, behavioral activation Acceptance and commitment therapy
Krein et al [33] Krein et alc[34]	Educational material: Handouts about topics (body mechanics, use of cold packs, lumbar rolls, and good posture); videos demonstrating specific strengthening and stretching exercises Pedometer data: weekly goals for steps E-community: participants to post suggestions, ask questions, and share stories	Social cognitive theoryb
Irvine et al [32]	Education and behavioral strategies to manage and prevent pain: thirty 1-4 min videos on pain management, cognitive, and behavioral strategies; videos gain-framed messages with animated whiteboard-style coach; videos of ergonomics and exercises	Social cognitive theory Theory of planned behavior
Weymann et al [37] Dirmaier et alc[30]	Educational information: physiology of pain, acute versus chronic pain; “chronification”; epidemiology; psychological aspects; coping and pain management Diagnostic procedures Treatment options	N/R
Geraghty et alc[31]	Educational information: goal review; feedback on achievements; sessions on sleep, pain relief, flare-up, work, mood daily living. Supporting advice: managing pain; modeling expectation through patient stories; reinforcing positive behavior through automated feedback; simple instructions on back exercises/behavior	N/R
Valenzuela-Pascual et alc [36]	Content not yet developed, but will be based on qualitative study including interviews with patients	N/R
Amorim et alc [27]	Educational material: “make your move—sit less, be active for life!” Information on how to increase physical activity and decrease sedentary behavior Health-coaching by health care professional FitBit activity monitor/feedback device	N/R

^aN/R: not reported.

^bInformation given in the protocol but not stated in the randomized controlled trial report.

^cProtocol paper.