Table 1.
Baseline data of the study cohort (clinical characteristics, echocardiographic parameters, and drug therapy)
| Variables | Overall | Multipolar group | Bipolar group | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical characteristics | ||||
| Patients n | 195 | 99 | 96 | |
| Age, years | 67.4 ± 6.5 | 68.1 ± 6.6 | 66.9 ± 6.4 | n.s |
| Male, n (%) | 144 (74%) | 71 (72%) | 73 (76%) | n.s |
| Smokers (%) | 102 (52.3%) | 52 (52.5%) | 50 (52%) | n.s |
| Dyslipidemia (%) | 102 (52%) | 52 (53) | 50 (52) | n.s |
| Obesity | 12 (6.1%) | 7 (7%) | 5 (5.2%) | n.s |
| Hypertension | 136 (69.7%) | 71 (71.7%) | 65 (67.7%) | n.s |
| Renal insufficiency (%) | 18 (9.2%) | 10 (10.1%) | 8 (8.3%) | n.s |
| Ischemic HF (%) | 128 (65.6%) | 67 (68%) | 61 (63.5%) | n.s |
| Non ischemic HF (idiopathic, hypertensive, or valvular) (%) | 67 (34.4%) | 32 (32.2%) | 35 (36.4%) | n.s |
| Previous cardiac surgery (%) | 35 (18%) | 17 (18%) | 18 (19%) | n.s |
| NYHA II (%) | 102 (52.3%) | 53 (53.5%) | 50 (52%) | n.s |
| NYHA III (%) | 93 (47.7%) | 49 (49.5%) | 44 (45.8%) | n.s |
| QRS duration | 136.4 ± 7.8 | 137.3 ± 7.4 | 135.3 ± 8.1 | n.s |
| 6MWT | 244.1 ± 39.8 | 239.5 ± 44.7 | 248.7 ± 33.8 | n.s |
| NT-proBNP (pg/ml) | 2307 ± 631 | 2322 ± 567 | 2281 ± 723 | n.s |
| Hb1Ac (mmol/mol) | 57.8 ± 15.6 | 57.2 ± 15.3 | 58.2 ± 16.1 | n.s |
| Echocardiographic parameters | ||||
| LVEDv (ml) | 198 ± 39 | 196 ± 31 | 201 ± 45 | n.s |
| LVESv (ml) | 137 ± 29 | 135 ± 23 | 141 ± 36 | n.s |
| LVEF (%) | 27 ± 5 | 27 ± 5 | 28 ± 4 | n.s |
| Mitral regurgitation | ||||
| + | 91 (46.7%) | 44 (44.4%) | 47(49%) | n.s |
| ++ | 77 (39.5%) | 40 (40.4%) | 37 (38.5%) | n.s |
| +++ | 19 (9.7%) | 9 (9.1%) | 10 (10.4%) | n.s |
| Drug therapy | ||||
| ACE-i/ARB | 170 (87.2%) | 86 (86.8%) | 84 (87.5%) | n.s |
| Beta blockers | 137 (70.3%) | 70 (71%) | 67 (69.8%) | n.s |
| Diuretics | 117 (60%) | 58 (58.6%) | 59 (61.5%) | n.s |
| Digoxin | 43 (22%) | 21 (21.2%) | 22 (22.9%) | n.s |
| Statins | 113 (57.9%) | 56 (56.6%) | 57 (59.4%) | n.s |
| Insulin | 72 (36.9%) | 35 (35.3%) | 37 (38.5%) | n.s |
| Oral hypoglycemic drugs | 131 (67.2%) | 68 (68.7%) | 63 (66%) | n.s |
| Anti platelets drugs | 130 (66.7%) | 64 (63.6%) | 65 (67.7%) | n.s |
| Dicumarolic anticoagulants | 18 (9.2%) | 9 (9%) | 9 (9.4%) | n.s |
In this table clinical characteristics, drug therapy and echocardiographic parameters have been reported, at baseline, of overall population, and then comparing multipolar vs bipolar group of patients. Statistical analysis has been conducted, to compare categorical data, with the exact Pearson’s Χ2 test. We considered a two-sided p value of less than 0.05 as statistically significant. The “n.s” was for statistical not significant (p value >0.05)
ACE-i angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, ARB angiotensin receptor II blockers, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, Hb1Ac glycosylated hemoglobin, y year, n number, LVEDv left ventricle end diastolic volume, LVESv left ventricle end systolic volume, LVEF left ventricle ejection fraction, 6MWT 6 min walking test, n is for number, NYHA New York Hearth Association, NOACs new oral anti coagulations drugs, n.sis not statistical significant (p value >0.05), NT-proBNP N terminal pro B type Natriuretic peptide, in mitral regurgitation the symbol +, ++, +++ indicating low grade (+), mild grade (++), and more than mild (+++) regurgitation grade