Table 3. Statistical analysis of general characteristics and risk factors for colonization with S. pneumoniae in children.
| Characteristics | All cases n=171 (%) | S. pneumoniae positive n=14 (%) | S. pneumoniae negative n=157 (%) | Statistical test results | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, months | Median (IQR) | 12 (5,24) | 16.5 (11.75, 29.25) | 12 (5,24) | U=791.5, p=0.083, r=0.146 |
| Mean (±SD) | 17.22 (±15.0) | 22.5 (±15.64) | 16.74 (±14.86) | ||
| Gender | OR=0.51; 95%CI=0.17-1.53 | ||||
| Male | 111 (64.9) | 7 (50.0) | 104 (66.2) | z-score=1.203 | |
| Female | 60 (35.1) | 7 (50.0) | 53 (33.8) | χ(1)=1.489; p=0.222 | |
| Age, years | OR=0.97; 95%CI=0.25-3.70 | ||||
| ≤2 | 135 (78.9) | 11 (78.6) | 124 (79.0) | z-score=0.036 | |
| 2-5 | 36 (21.1) | 3 (21.4) | 33 (21.0) | χ(1)=0.001; p=0.971 | |
| Fever duration, days | Median (IQR) | 5 (3,7) | 4.5 (3,10.5) | 5 (3,7) | U=1077, p=0.903, r=0.903 |
| Mean (±SD) | 6.5±6.1 | 6.4±4.6 | 6.5±6.2 | ||
| Cough | Present | 151 (88.3) | 11 (78.6) | 140 (89.2) | χ(1)=1.399; p=0.238; |
| Absent | 20 (11.7) | 3 (21.4) | 17 (10.8) | OR=0.45; 95%CI=0.11-1.76 | |
| Cough, significant | Yes | 93 (61.6) | 4 (36.4) | 89 (63.8) | χ(1)=3.191; p=0.074; |
| No | 58 (38.4) | 7 (63.6) | 51 (36.4) | OR=0.33; 95%CI=0.09-1.17 | |
| Breathlessness | Yes | 92 (53.8) | 6 (42.9) | 86 (54.8) | χ(1)=0.734; p=0.391; |
| No | 79 (46.2) | 8 (57.1) | 71 (45.2) | OR=0.62; 95%CI=0.21-1.87 | |
| Drowsiness | Yes | 58 (33.9) | 6 (42.9) | 52 (33.1) | χ(1)=0.544; p=0.461; |
| No | 113 (66.1) | 8 (57.1) | 105 (66.9) | OR=1.51; 95%CI=0.49-4.59 | |
| Seizures | Yes | 30 (17.5) | 4 (28.6) | 26 (16.6) | χ(1)=1.282; p=0.258; |
| No | 141 (82.5) | 10 (71.4) | 131 (83.4) | OR=2.01; 95%CI=0.59-6.92 | |
| Respiratory distress | Yes | 119 (69.6) | 6 (42.9) | 113 (72.0) | χ(1)=5.15; p=0.023; |
| No | 52 (30.4) | 8 (57.1) | 44 (28.0) | OR=0.25; 95%CI=0.08-0.77 | |
| Chest retraction | Yes | 89 (52.0) | 3 (21.4) | 86 (54.8) | χ(1)=5.73; p=0.017; |
| No | 82 (48.0) | 11 (78.6) | 71 (45.2) | OR=0.23; 95%CI=0.06-0.84 | |
| Auscultation - bronchial breath sounds | Yes | 33 (19.3) | 1 (07.1) | 32 (20.4) | χ(1)=0.98; p=0.321 |
| No | 138 (80.7) | 13 (92.9) | 125 (79.6) | OR=0.30; 95%CI=0.04-2.3 | |
| Crepitations | Yes | 126 (73.7) | 5 (35.7) | 121 (77.1) | χ(1)=11.34; p<0.001 |
| No | 45 (26.3) | 9 (64.3) | 36 (22.9) | OR=0.17; 95%CI=0.05-0.52 | |
| Meningeal signs | Yes | 22 (12.9) | 2 (14.3) | 20 (12.7) | χ(1)=0.03; p=0.868; |
| No | 149 (87.1) | 12 (85.7) | 137 (87.3) | OR=1.14; 95%CI=0.24-5.48 | |
| Any antipyretics taken 24 hours/any antibiotics taken 3 days before sample collection | 33 (19.3) | 3 (21.4) | 30 (19.1) | χ(1)=0.04; p=0.833; | |
| 138 (80.7) | 11 (78.6) | 127 (80.9) | OR=1.16; 95%CI=0.30-4.39 | ||
| Duration of hospital stay | Median (IQR) | 8 (4,12) | 8 (5,7) | 8 (4,12) | U=929, Z=-0.12, p=0.904, r=0.031 |
| Mean±SD | 9.35±8.0 | 8.8±9.9 | 9.39±7.9 | ||
| Chest X-ray | Abnormal | 129 (75.4) | 8 (57.1) | 121 (77.1) | χ(1)=2.755; p=0.097 |
| Normal | 42 (24.6) | 6 (42.9) | 36 (22.9) | OR=0.39; 95%CI=0.13-1.22 | |
CI – confidence interval; OR – odds ratio; SD – standard deviation; IQR –interquartile range.