Table 1.

Clinical characteristics of spontaneous regression of hepatocellular carcinoma

Ref.	Age	Sex	Country	Etiology	Background liver	Size (mm)	Location	Impaired blood flow	Pre AFP	Post AFP	Pre DCP	Post DCP	Histological Diagnosis	Following therapy	Recurrence	Intrahepatic metastasis	Extrahepatic metastasis	Proposed mechanism	Cause
Jianxin et al[11]	64	M	China	HBV	CH	92	S6	N/A	9022	2516	N/A	N/A	N/A	N	N	N	Omentum	Immunological	Herbal medicine
Saito et al[12]	74	M	Japan	Alc	CH	36	S8	N/A	31	3	17	N/A	N/A	Resection	N	N	N	Immunological	Cessation of drinking and smoking
Pectasides et al[13]	53	M	United States	HCV/Alc	LC	90	Left	PV, HA	602410	2177	N/A	N/A	N/A	N	Remnant	Y	Lung	Combine	Portal vein thrombosis and immunological reaction
Alam et al[14]	65	M	United Kingdom	HCV	LC	N/A	S5/6	N	2893	6	N/A	N/A	N/A	N	Y	N	LNs	Combine	Rapid tumor growth and immunological reaction
Kumar et al[15]	40	M	United States	N/A	N/A	26	S2/3/5	N/A	832	2	N/A	N/A	Poor	Radiation	N	Y	Lung	Immunological	Cessation of immunosuppressive Therapy
Kumar et al[15]	74	M	United States	N/A	N/A	56	Right	N/A	97932	722	N/A	N/A	Poor	N	Remnant	Y	N	Immunological	Cessation of immunosuppressive Therapy
Yang et al[16]	59	M	China	HBV	N/A	40	S6	N/A	2100	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N	Y	Y	N	Immunological	Seroconversion of HBV
Okano et al[17]	73	M	Japan	HBV	N/A	15	S8	N/A	748	5	20	N/A	N/A	N	N	N	N	N/A	Angiography
Takeda et al[18]	68	M	Japan	Alc	CH	30	S4	Y	2	2	427	41	N/A	Resection	N	N	N	Hypoxia	Hepatic arterioportal shunts and vessel thrombosis
Kim et al[19]	57	M	South Korea	HBV	LC	37	S6	N	4778	50	22	N/A	N/A	Resection	N	N	N	Immunological	Unknown
Matsuoka et al[20]	67	M	Japan	NASH	CH	43	S6	PV, HA	11	N/A	6	N/A	Moderate	Resection	N	N	N	Hypoxia	Hepatic arterial and portal vein thromboses
Wang et al[21]	50	M	China	HBV	CH	100	S7/8	N	22592	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	Resection	N	Y	N	Immunological	Unknown
Parks et al[22]	69	M	United States	HCV	N/A	22	S8	N/A	4077	37	N/A	N/A	Well	N	Y	Y	LNs	N/A	N/A
Parks et al[22]	63	M	United States	HCV	N/A	N/A	S7	N/A	91	27	N/A	N/A	Combined	N	Y	Y	LNs	N/A	N/A
Parks et al[22]	67	M	United States	HCV	LC	N/A	N/A	PV	35689	8	N/A	N/A	Moderate	N	N	Y	N	N/A	N/A
Saito et al[23]	75	M	Japan	HCV	CH	200	Right	PV	452100	107	596000	34	N/A	TACE	N	Y	Lung	Combine	Portal vein thrombosis and immunological reaction
Bhardwaj et al[24]	74	F	Australia	Unknown	N/A	90	Left	N/A	WNL	N/A	N/A	N/A	Well	N	N	Y	N	N/A	Unknown
Lim et al[25]	64	M	South Korea	HBV	CH	N/A	Right	N/A	17	2	12900	23	N/A	N	N	N/A	Lung, adrenal glands, LNs	Immunological	Herbal medicine
Tomino et al[26]	77	M	Japan	Alc	N/A	30	S1	PV, HA	6	N/A	19	N/A	Moderate	Resection	N	N	N	Hypoxia	Hepatic arterial and portal vein thromboses
Tsai et al[27]	74	M	Taiwan	HCV	LC	80	Left	N/A	810	WNL	N/A	N/A	N/A	N	N	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Okano et al[28]	77	M	Japan	Alc	LC	50	S8	N/A	1825	51	3043	411	N/A	TACE	Y	Y	N	Combine	Stenosis of hepatic artery and cessation of drinking
Sasaki et al[29]	79	M	Japan	Alc	N/A	20	S2	N/A	8	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	Resection	N/A	N	N	N/A	Unknown
Tomishige et al[30]	76	F	Japan	Unknown	NL	12	S6	N/A	WNL	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	Resection	N	N	N	N/A	Unknown
Our case	78	M	Japan	NASH	CH	20	S8	PV	2201	< 1	46	21	Poor	N	Y	Y	LN	Immunological	Hemodialysis