Table 4.
Prevalence or frequency of functional gastrointestinal disorders: Defecations problems in children and adolescents
| Author, year, country | Study design, setting | Sample size (participation %) | Age bracket yr | Case definition | Case ascertainment | Score1 |
FGID subtype prevalence % (95%CI) |
|
| Constipation | Nonretentive fecal incontinence | |||||||
| Bhatia et al[6], 2016, India | Cross-sectional, school-based | 1200 (93.3) | 10-17 | Rome III | Self-reported QPGS-RIII | 5 | 0.5 | 0.4 |
| Medical records | ||||||||
| Physical examination | ||||||||
| Burgers et al[31], 2012, Netherlands | Cross-sectional (retrospective), tertiary care | 176 (NR) | 6-18 | Rome II | Clinical evaluation | 3 | 5.7 | |
| Rome III | Medical records | 86.9 | ||||||
| Physical examination | ||||||||
| Caplan et al[18], 2005, Canada | Cross-sectional, tertiary care | 315 (NR) | 4-18 | Rome II | Self-reported QPGS | 3 | p 4-9 yr = 19.2 | p 4-9 yr = 0.6 |
| Parental QPGS | p 10-18 yr = 13.8 | p 10-18 yr = 0.7 | ||||||
| Clinical evaluation | c/a 10-18 yr = 15.2 | c/a 10-18 yr = 0.7 | ||||||
| Devanarayana et al[36], 2010, Sri Lanka | Cross-sectional, school-based | 464 (92) | 12-16 | Rome II | Self-reported QPGS | 4 | 1.4 | 0.2 |
| Rome III | 4.2 | 0.2 | ||||||
| Helgeland et al[35], 2009, Norway | Cross-sectional, tertiary care | 192 (NR) | 4-15 | Rome III | Parental QPGS-III | 3 | 6.0 | |
| Clinical evaluation | ||||||||
| Medical records | ||||||||
| Physical examination | ||||||||
| Laboratory exams | ||||||||
| Játiva et al[30], 2016, Ecuador | Cross-sectional, school-based | 420 (99.3) | 8-15 | Rome III | Self-reported QPGS-RIII | 3 | 11.8 | 0.2 |
| Parental standard questionnaire | ||||||||
| Lewis et al[25], 2016, United States | Cross-sectional, online painel community | 1447 (NR) | 4-18 | Rome III | Parental QPGS-RIII | 2 | 12.9 | 1.8 |
| PedsQL4.0 | ||||||||
| Lu et al[29], 2016, Colombia | Cross-sectional, school-based | 4751 (89.8) | 8-18 | Rome III | Self-reported QPGS-RIII | 3 | 12.7 | |
| Parental standard questionnaire | ||||||||
| Lu et al[28], 2016, Panama | Cross-sectional, school-based | 436 (82.8) | 8-14 | Rome III | Rome III | 4 | 15.9 (11.9-19.9) | 0 (0.0-0.0) |
| Self-reported QPGS-RIII | ||||||||
| Parental standard questionnaire | ||||||||
| Rajindrajith et al[39], 2013, Sri Lanka | Cross-sectional, school-based | 1855 (96.7) | 13-18 | Rome III | Self-reported QPGS-RIII | 5 | 7.7 | |
| Self-reported PedsQL4.0 | ||||||||
| Sagawa et al[16], 2012, Japan | Cross-sectional, school-based | 3976 (NR) | 10-17 | Rome III | Rome III | 6 | 0.3 | 0.2 |
| Self-reported QPGS-RIII | ||||||||
| Self-reported PedsQL4.0 | ||||||||
| Clinical evaluation | ||||||||
| Saps et al[26], 2014, Colombia | Cross-sectional, school-based | 488 (83.2) | 10.0 (mean age) | Rome III | Self-reported QPGS-RIII | 4 | 14.0 (12.0-19.3) | 1.5 (0.7-3.6) |
| Parental standard questionnaire | ||||||||
| Uc et al[22], 2006, United States | Cross-sectional, primary care | 243 (100) | 4-17 | Rome II | Parental QPGS | 4 | 16.1 | 0.4 |
| Clinical evaluation | ||||||||
| Zablah et al[27], 2015, El Salvador | Cross-sectional, school-based | 434 (NR) | 8-15 | Rome III | Self-reported QPGS-RIII | 3 | 10.0 | 0.0 |
| Parental standard questionnaire | ||||||||
| Zhou et al[38], 2011, China | Cross-sectional, school-based | 3671 (NR) | 12-18 | Rome III | Self-reported standard questionnaire | 5 | 24.9 (23.5-26.3) | |
1
Score: Methodological strength of study (maximum 8) by Loney’s criteria. NR: Not reported; w: With; p: Parents; c: Children; a: Adolescents; ph: Physician; QPGS-RIII: Questionnaire on Pediatric Gastrointestinal Symptoms - Rome III; QPGS: Questionnaire on Pediatric Gastrointestinal Symptoms - Rome II; PedsQL4.0 Pediatric Quality of Life version Inventory 4.0.