Table 1.

Examples of theoretical frameworks for implementation research included in workshop presentations

Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR)	A resource to allow researchers to strategically design studies with consideration of five domains: the intervention characteristics, the outer setting, the inner setting, the population characteristics (for everyone involved), and the process of implementation. (Originally described in Reference 24.)
Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, Maintenance (RE-AIM)	A model for assessing the external validity of implementation elements including adoption, implementation, and sustainability (25)
The President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR): Impact evaluation	PEPFAR’s implementation science framework for AIDS programs including monitoring and evaluation, operations research, and impact evaluation (26)
Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services (PARIHS)	Examines implementation evidence around three key elements: evidence, context, and facilitation (27)