Table 2.

Examples of implementation research from workshop presentations

Investigator	Setting	Implementation Framework	Study Design	Intervention	Clinical Outcomes (Examples)	Implementation Outcomes (Examples)	Implementation Issues
M. Schatz	Kaiser Permanente, outpatient asthma care	PEPFAR’s impact evaluation	Randomized controlled trial	Referral to asthma specialist for high rescue medication users	Rescue medication use	Adoption	Engaging primary care and specialist providers
					Specialist consultation	Feasibility
					Exacerbations	Penetration
C. Thomson	Teaching, hospital ICUs	PARIHS	Pre–post intervention	Modify practice standard in critical care units (e.g., targeted temperature management post-MI)	Survival	Acceptability	Lack of awareness of evidence and urgency to change
					Neurologic status	Adoption	Engaging multiple specialties and disciplines
						Appropriateness	Integrating changes into workflow
						Feasibility
						Sustainability
S. Wilson, H Tapp	Multiple primary care practices	RE-AIM	Pre–post intervention	Shared asthma treatment decision making intervention tailored to practice needs	Hospitalizations and emergency department visits for asthma	Adoption by practices, providers and patients	Competing demands from health care system
						Sustainability of the intervention	Obtaining frank stakeholder feedback on process
							Practice staff turnover
K. Riekert	Cystic fibrosis outpatient clinics	CFIR	Cluster (clinic level) randomized controlled trial	Comprehensive adherence program	Medication adherence	Adoption	Providers’ resistance to change
					Health-related quality of life	Feasibility	Clinical team turnover
					Subject’s knowledge and skills	Fidelity	Access to pharmacy refill reporting (for adherence measurement)
						Sustainability
B. Bender	Kaiser Permanente outpatient clinics	RE-AIM	Pragmatic controlled trial	Patient reminders via interactive voice recognition and EHR	Inhaled corticosteroid use	Acceptability	Research team turnover
						Fidelity	Integrating intervention into existing EHR
C. Rand	Head Start programs	RE-AIM	Randomized, controlled trial	Motivational interviewing to reduce secondhand smoke exposure in children	Secondhand smoke exposure	Acceptability	Staff safety when conducting home visits
					Healthcare utilization	Adoption	Competing demands of community partners and families
					Caregiver beliefs	Sustainability
					Head Start staff beliefs
M. Cloutier	Primary care practices	RE-AIM	Pre–post intervention with contemporaneous control group	Primary care provider training on asthma guidelines	Adherence to inhaled corticosteroid use and treatment plan distribution	Adoption	Incompatible EHR systems
					Hospital, emergency department, and urgent care outpatient utilization	Sustainability	Specialists’ concerns about “turf”
J. Krishnan, J. Gerald	Minority serving hospital	Not applicable*	Pragmatic controlled trial	Community health worker and phone- based peer coaches for hospitalized patients	Patient experience (e.g., satisfaction, anxiety, social support, physical and mental health)	Acceptability	Engaging institutional leadership
					Hospital readmission	Appropriateness	Identifying opportunities to collaborate with other quality improvement programs intended to reduce hospital readmissions
						Fidelity
						Cost

Definition of abbreviations: CFIR = Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research; EHR = electronic health record; ICU = intensive care unit; MI = myocardial infarction; PARIHS = Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services; PEPFAR = President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief; RE-AIM = Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, Maintenance.

^*Study design included effectiveness and IR elements. The latter component focused on budget impact analysis.