Table 1.
Key contributing cells and factors involved in the phases of wound healing
| Haemostasis | Inflammation | Proliferation | Remodelling |
|---|---|---|---|
| Typical timing | |||
| Hours | 4–5 days | Till 14 days | Lasts 12–18 months |
| Key contributing cells5,12 | |||
| Keratinocytes | Neutrophils | Macrophages | T-lymphocytes |
| Endothelial | Monocytes | Fibroblasts | Fibroblasts |
| Platelets | Macrophages | Myofibroblasts | Myofibroblasts |
| Endothelial cells | T-lymphocytes | ||
| Fibroblasts | |||
| Key contributing cytokines4,13 | |||
| IL-1 | EGF | EGF | TGF-β |
| TXA2 | PDGF | VEGF | PDGF |
| TGF-α | TGF-β | TGF-β | IGF |
| TGF-β | FGF | PDGF | |
| PDGF | IFN-α | FGF | |
| EGF | TNF-α | IL-6 | |
| VEGF | IL-1 | ||
| FGF | IL-8 | ||
| IL-10 | |||
FGF, fibroblast growth factor; IGF, insulin-like growth factor; IL-1, interleukin 1; PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor; TGF, transforming growth factor; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; TXA2, thromboxane; VEGF, vascular endothelial-derived growth factor.