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. 2017 Jun 6;8:15787. doi: 10.1038/ncomms15787

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Copyright © 2017, The Author(s)

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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(a) Superposition of tubulin–AJ (grey) and taxane-site-free tubulin structures (5CA0: pink; 5CA1: orange; 5C8Y: blue; 5CB4: green) shows the closed-to-open conformational change of the β M-loop. (b) Superposition of tubulin–MSA structures (AJ: grey; Zampa: yellow; EpoA: cyan) shows the helix conformation of the β M-loop. (c) Comparison of E-site conformations. The β-subunits of AJ-bound tubulin (grey), GTP-preferred status tubulin (3RYF: blue), Zampa-bound tubulin (orange) and EpoA-bound tubulin (yellow). (d) Electron density of GTP at the E-site in tubulin–AJ complex, with a magnesium ion (yellow) and three water molecules (red). (e) Reverse-phase HPLC (RP-HPLC) assay shows that AJ binding significantly delayed E-site GTP hydrolysis. (f) Quantification of the hydrolysis of the E-site GTP. The area of GDP and GTP peaks in e are calculated. Values are means±s.d. (n=3). *P<0.05; ****P<0.0001. (g) Proposed microtubule-stabilizing mechanism of AJ. Binding of AJ (green lock) to the taxane-site induces the β M-loop (yellow) to undergo a closed-to-open and loop-to-helix conformational change, and locks the E-site into a GTP-preferred conformation (sawtooth). The GDP-status conformation is shown as wave.