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SF-derived exosomes stimulate the production of several chemokines by M1 macrophages. M1 macrophages were treated with SF-derived exosomes (a–c) or IFN-γ/LPS (b–d) for 24 h, and chemokine production in supernatants was determined by the ELISA Bio-plex chemokines assay system. Data are displayed as fold change with respect to unstimulated cells. Columns, mean; bars, SD, ∗significant difference from unstimulated cells p < 0.05.
