Table 3.
TOAST classifications of the cause of stroke
| TOAST classification | n | Constituent ratio, % |
|---|---|---|
| Large artery atherosclerosis | 596 | 42.7 |
| Cardioembolic stroke | 90 | 6.5 |
| Patent foramen ovale | 53 | |
| Patent foramen ovale + atrial septal aneurysm | 7 | |
| Valvular disease | 6 | |
| Atrial fibrillation | 7 | |
| Valvular disease + atrial fibrillation | 5 | |
| Cardiomyopathy | 4 | |
| Angina | 1 | |
| Myocardial infarction | 1 | |
| Other arrhythmia | 2 | |
| Left atrial appendage thrombosis | 2 | |
| Acute infective endocarditis | 1 | |
| Keshan disease | 1 | |
| Small vessel disease | 225 | 16.1 |
| Other clear causes | 84 | 6.0 |
| Moyamoya disease | 49 | |
| Antiphospholipid syndrome | 13 | |
| Artery dissection | 11 | |
| Poor muscle fiber development | 3 | |
| Pregnancy-related stroke | 3 | |
| Polyarteritis | 4 | |
| CADASIL | 1 | |
| Multiple potential causes | 153 | 11.0 |
| Unclear cause + incomplete work up | 204 | 14.6 |
| Missing | 41 | 2.9 |
TOAST, Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment; CADASIL, cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy.