Table 1.
Dysregulated lncRNAs in breast cancer
| LncRNA | Expression in Breast Cancer | Biology |
|---|---|---|
| H19 | Upregulated | Promotes anchorage-independent growth, expression correlates with tumor grade, may lead to drug resistance. [17–19, 104–110] |
| GAS5 | Downregulated | Induces apoptosis, low expression associates with poor prognosis. [50–53, 111, 112] |
| LSINCT5 | Upregulated | Enhances proliferation. [38] |
| HOTAIR | Upregulated | Enhances proliferation and metastasis, activates ligand-independent ER activation and possibly contributes to tamoxifen resistance. [45, 113–116] |
| XIST | Downregulated | Inhibits cell viability and regulates X chromosome inactivation. [13, 14, 22, 23] |
| NEAT1 | Upregulated | Enhances Proliferation and Induces Apoptosis[35–37] |
| MALAT1 | Upregulated | Promotes proliferation, invasion, migration, tumor progression, metastasis, and elevated expression associates with poor survival of ER-/lymph node negative patients and tamoxifen treated ER+ patients. [8, 39–44] |
| lncRNA-ARA | Upregulated in Adriamycin resistant cell lines | Induces proliferation, decreases apoptosis, expression inversely correlates with Adriamycin sensitivity[117] |
| BC200 | Upregulated | Prognostic indicator of tumor progression and enhances cell growth [18, 118] |
| SOX2OT | Upregulated | Inhibits proliferation, enhances anchorage-independent growth, and may be involved in in maintaining a stem cell phenotype [119] |
| TreRNA | Upregulated | Enhances invasion and metastasis. [120] |
| UCA1 | Upregulated | Enhances proliferation, inhibits apoptosis, and possibly involved in tamoxifen resistance. [121, 122] |
| NKILA | Downregulated | Low expression associated with breast cancer metastasis and poor patient prognosis. [123] |
| ZFAS1 | Downregulated | Inhibits proliferation and differentiation. [55, 56] |
| lncRNA-ATB | Upregulated in trastuzumab resistant tumors and cell lines | Promotes trastuzumab resistance, enhances invasion, metastasis, and EMT. [124] |
| BCAR4 | Upregulated | Promotes proliferation, tumorigenesis, metastasis, potentially involved in tamoxifen resistance, and expression associates with poor survival. [125–129] |
| lncRNA-HIT | Upregulated | Promotes migration, invasion, EMT, and metastasis. [130] |
| LINK-A | Upregulated in TNBC | Promotes tumorigenesis and glycolysis. [132] |
| JPX | Downregulated | Limits cell viability, activates XIST. [133] |
| PANDA | Upregulated | Prevents apoptosis. [134] |
| SRA | Upregulated | Enhances migration and tumorigenesis. [28–32] |
| LINC00511 | Upregulated | Enriched in TNBC. [33] |
| 91H | Upregulated | Promotes cell proliferation and tumorigenesis. [24–26] |
| LINC00520 | Upregulated | Enhances migration and invasion[46] |
| Linc-ROR | Upregulated | Enriched in TNBC. Promotes EMT, invasion, metastasis, and multidrug resistance. [47–49] |