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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Jun 12.
Published in final edited form as: Phys Life Rev. 2015 Feb 20;13:155–185. doi: 10.1016/j.plrev.2015.02.007

Figure 8.

Figure 8

Patterns of age-specific acceleration for different genotypes at a hypothesized QTL. Three genotypes show different forms of acceleration curves, indicating the role of the QTL in cancer pathogenesis. The first genotype QQ is denoted by a blue curve, for which clonal expansion occurs only in the last round before cancer, so KM − 2 = KM − 3 = 1; the second genotype is denoted by a green curve, whose clonal expansion occurs in the last two rounds before cancer, with KM − 2 = 106 and KM − 3 = 1; and the third genotype is denoted by a red curve, where clonal expansion occurs in the last three rounds before cancer, with KM − 2 = KM − 3 = 106. The mutation rates for these three genotypes are vm = 5.8 × 10−4, 9.3 × 10−5, and 1.55 × 10−6 for m mutations to keep the total incidence of cancer at 10%, respectively. Basic parameters are M = 4, x0(0) = 104, rm = 0.5 for all m, K0 = 1, and K M − 1 = 106. This example was made up from Frank’s [43] analysis.