Table 1.
Baseline clinical characteristics of whole population and divided by the occurrence of 5-year renal outcome among 2,656 patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus.
| All | CKD | p | eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 | p | Albuminuria | p | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patients | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | ||||
| n = 2656 | n = 2097 | n = 559 | n = 2541 | n = 115 | n = 2179 | n = 477 | ||||
| Male sex | 1487 (56.0%) | 1178 (56.2%) | 309 (55.3%) | 0.220 | 1437 (56.6%) | 50 (43.5%) | 0.979 | 1213 (55.7%) | 274 (57.4%) | 0.158 |
| Age (years) | 44 ± 14 | 43 ± 13 | 48 ± 15 | <0.001 | 43 ± 13 | 60 ± 13 | <0.001 | 43 ± 13 | 46 ± 15 | 0.024 |
| Known duration of diabetes (years) | 17 ± 12 | 16 ± 11 | 19 ± 12 | <0.001 | 16 ± 11 | 23 ± 13 | 0.013 | 16 ± 11 | 19 ± 12 | <0.001 |
| BMI (Kg/m2) | 24.4 ± 3.4 | 24.3 ± 3.3 | 24.6 ± 3.7 | 0.295 | 24.3 ± 3.3 | 25.3 ± 3.9 | 0.071 | 24.3 ± 3.3 | 24.5 ± 3.8 | 0.376 |
| Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.84 ± 0.16 | 0.84 ± 0.16 | 0.85 ± 0.17 | 0.379 | 0.84 ± 0.16 | 0.92 ± 0.17 | <0.001 | 0.84 ± 0.16 | 0.84 ± 0.17 | 0.351 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 99 ± 16 | 100 ± 16 | 95 ± 18 | <0.001 | 100 ± 16 | 78 ± 14 | <0.001 | 99 ± 16 | 98 ± 17 | 0.611 |
| Serum uric acid (mg/dL) | 3.8 ± 2.2 | 3.8 ± 2.4 | 3.9 ± 1.2 | 0.890 | 3.8 ± 2.2 | 4.0 ± 1.4 | 0.955 | 3.8 ± 2.3 | 3.9 ± 1.2 | 0.691 |
| SUA in the top gender-specific quintile | 275 (18.8%) | 204 (17.7%) | 71 (22.8%) | 0.521 | 253 (18.1%) | 22 (32.4%) | 0.494 | 216 (18.0%) | 59 (22.5%) | 0.302 |
| HbA1c (%) (mmol/mol) | 7.7 ± 1.3 (60 ± 9) | 7.6 ± 1.3 (59 ± 9) | 7.9 ± 1.4 (63 ± 8) | <0.001 | 7.6 ± 1.3 (59 ± 9) | 8.1 ± 1.5 (65 ± 7) | 0.023 | 7.6 ± 1.3 (59 ± 9) | 7.9 ± 1.5 (63 ± 7) | <0.001 |
| HbA1c ≥7% (≥53 mmol/mol) | 1843 (69.4%) | 1433 (68.3%) | 410 (73.3%) | 0.187 | 1754 (69.0%) | 89 (77.4%) | 0.550 | 1495 (68.6%) | 348 (73.0%) | 0.189 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 189 ± 34 | 189 ± 34 | 189 ± 35 | 0.248 | 189 ± 34 | 194 ± 35 | 0.591 | 189 ± 34 | 188 ± 35 | 0.309 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 84 ± 56 | 82 ± 54 | 93 ± 64 | 0.001 | 84 ± 57 | 91 ± 52 | 0.702 | 82 ± 54 | 94 ± 66 | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides ≥150 mg/dl | 191 (7.2%) | 137 (6.5%) | 54 (9.7%) | 0.015 | 181 (7.1%) | 10 (8.7%) | 0.867 | 141 (6.5%) | 50 (10.5%) | 0.001 |
| HDL (mg/dL) | 62 ± 19 | 62 ± 19 | 62 ± 18 | 0.101 | 62 ± 19 | 65 ± 18 | 0.431 | 63 ± 19 | 61 ± 18 | 0.059 |
| HDL <40 M <50 F mg/dL | 294 (11.1%) | 227 (10.8%) | 67 (12.0%) | 0.229 | 282 (11.1%) | 12 (10.4%) | 0.896 | 235 (10.8%) | 59 (12.4%) | 0.205 |
| LDL (mg/dL) | 110 ± 31 | 111 ± 31 | 108 ± 31 | 0.064 | 110 ± 31 | 111 ± 31 | 0.949 | 111 ± 31 | 108 ± 31 | 0.058 |
| LDL ≥100 mg/dL | 1650 (62.1%) | 1320 (62.9%) | 330 (59.0%) | 0.064 | 1583 (62.3%) | 67 (58.3%) | 0.437 | 1367 (62.7%) | 283 (59.3%) | 0.099 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 125 ± 17 | 124 ± 16 | 129 ± 19 | <0.001 | 125 ± 17 | 137 ± 18 | <0.001 | 125 ± 17 | 128 ± 18 | 0.001 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 76 ± 9 | 75 ± 9 | 76 ± 9 | 0.024 | 76 ± 9 | 78 ± 9 | 0.035 | 76 ± 9 | 76 ± 9 | 0.071 |
| Blood Pressure ≥140/85 mmHg | 779 (29.3%) | 569 (27.1%) | 210 (37.6%) | <0.001 | 716 (28.2%) | 63 (54.8%) | <0.001 | 610 (28.0%) | 169 (35.4%) | 0.002 |
| Retinopathy | ||||||||||
| Non-proliferative | 495 (18.6%) | 363 (17.3%) | 132 (23.6%) | 0.008 | 468 (18.4%) | 27 (23.5%) | 0.347 | 384 (17.6%) | 111 (23.3%) | 0.024 |
| Proliferative | 152 (5.7%) | 102 (4.9%) | 50 (8.9%) | <0.001 | 138 (5.4%) | 14 (12.2%) | 0.062 | 110 (5.0%) | 42 (8.8%) | <0.001 |
| Smokers | 357 (26.2%) | 271 (25.0%) | 86 (31.0%) | 0.004 | 349 (26.8%) | 8 (13.6%) | 0.207 | 278 (24.6%) | 79 (34.2%) | 0.001 |
| Lipid-lowering treatment | 416 (15.7%) | 295 (14.1%) | 121 (21.6%) | 0.001 | 385 (15.2%) | 31 (27.0%) | 0.168 | 314 (14.4%) | 102 (21.4%) | 0.001 |
| Treatment with statins | 400 (15.1%) | 281 (13.4%) | 119 (21.3%) | <0.001 | 369 (14.5%) | 31 (27.0%) | 0.073 | 300 (13.8%) | 100 (21.0%) | <0.001 |
| Treatment with fibrates | 9 (0.3%) | 8 (0.4%) | 1 (0.2%) | 0.366 | 9 (0.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1.000 | 8 (0.4%) | 1 (0.2%) | 0.614 |
| Antihypertensive treatment | 534 (20.1%) | 357 (17.0%) | 177 (31.7%) | <0.001 | 480 (18.9%) | 54 (47.0%) | <0.001 | 390 (17.9%) | 144 (30.2%) | <0.001 |
| Treatment with ACE-Is/ARBs | 484 (18.2%) | 324 (15.5%) | 160 (28.6%) | <0.001 | 434 (17.1%) | 50 (43.5%) | <0.001 | 355 (16.3%) | 129 (27.0%) | <0.001 |
| Aspirin | 184 (6.9%) | 128 (6.1%) | 56 (10%) | 0.024 | 165 (6.5%) | 19 (16.5%) | 0.141 | 140 (6.4%) | 44 (9.2%) | 0.026 |
| Insulin pump | 162 (6.1%) | 132 (6.3%) | 30 (5.4%) | 0.564 | 155 (6.1%) | 7 (6.1%) | 0.420 | 139 (6.4%) | 23 (4.8%) | 0.238 |
Mean ± SD or absolute frequency (percentage). Serum uric acid in the top gender-specific quintile: >3.8 mg/dL in females and >5 mg/dL in males. CKD, chronic kidney disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; BMI, body mass index; SUA, serum uric acid; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; HDL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; ACE-Is, angiotensin converting enzyme-inhibitors; ARBs, angiotensin II receptor antagonists. The p value refers to the association between patients’ characteristics and outcome at mixed logistic regression model adjusting for baseline eGFR. Patients’ baseline missing data: BMI in 131 (4.9%), serum uric acid in 1192 (44.9%), total cholesterol in 21 (0.8%), and smoking status in 1294 (48.7%).