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. 2017 Jun 12;7:3323. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-02532-3

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Schematic diagram illustrating the basic steps of the proposed strategy to engineer pre-vascularized full-length dental pulp-like tissue constructs. (A) The root canal is prepared following common endodontic procedure using endodontic files. (B) A pre-made sacrificial fiber is positioned in the root canal. A cell-laden hydrogel is loaded into the canal and photopolymerized. (C) After the hydrogel photopolymerization, the sacrificial fiber is removed, creating a hollow microchannel that traverses the entire length of the canal, from the apex through the pulp chamber. (D) Endothelial cells are seeded in the fabricated microchannel to engineer the core vascular capillary in the dental pulp, thus resulting in a pre-vascularized full-length dental pulp-like tissue construct. Details are provided in Supplementary Figure S1.