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. 2017 Jun 12;7:3323. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-02532-3

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Physical and mechanical properties of GelMA hydrogels. SEM images of (A) 5%, (B) 10% and (C) 15% (w/v) GelMA hydrogels show a decrease in apparent pore sizes and (d) relative percentage of porosity with increasing hydrogel concentration, especially comparing 5% to 10 or 15% hydrogels. Mass swelling ratios and (E) degradation profiles of 5, 10 and 15% GelMA hydrogels in DPBS, and in 2.5 U ml^–1 collagenase, respectively showing a marked decrease in swelling properties and degradability with increasing polymer volume fraction. (F) Stress-strain curves and (G) elastic modulus for 5, 10 and 15% GelMA hydrogels in unconfined compression, respectively demonstrate enhanced mechanical properties in more densely crosslinked hydrogels (15%). For degradation data, p < 0.0001 between 5% and 10%, and between 5% and 15% for time points 15 and 25 h. Statistical significance is represented by *for p < 0.05, **for p < 0.01, ***for p < 0.001 and ****for p < 0.0001.