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. 2017 Jun 12;7:3284. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-03443-z

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Signaling pathways of rTM effect on autophagy. (A) Western blot analyses were performed in ECs treated with PBS, rTM 100 ng/mL or bFGF 100 ng/mL for 24 hr. Bar graphs showed the ratios of protein expression levels at 24 hr in ECs treated with rTM or bFGF to PBS. Data are shown as mean ± SEM (n = 3). **p < 0.01 and ***p < 0.001 vs. cells treated with PBS. (B) Scheme of the signaling pathway for rTM to attenuate autophagy. By interacting and activating with FGFR1 and its downstream adapter protein, FRS2α in ECs, rTM activates AKT/mTOR pathways to suppress autophagy.