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. 2017 Jun 13;8:1016. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01016

FIGURE 1.

FIGURE 1

Schematic diagrams of: (A) the methionine (MET) pathway (DMSP, dimethylsulphoniopropionate; SAM, S-adenosylmethionine; SMM, S-methylmethionine; NA, nicotianamine; PA, polyamine; ACS, Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase (ACC synthase); ACO, ACC oxidase; SDC, SMM decarboxylase; DOX, DMSP-amine oxidase; HserP, O-phosphohomoserine), the stages involving synthesis of SMM and DMSP-amine occur outside the chloroplast envelope before DMSP-amine is transported into the chloroplast envelope where DMSP is formed (Amir et al., 2002); (B) oxidation of DMSP products by ROS (DMS, dimethylsulphide; DMSO, dimethylsuphoxide; MSNA, methane sulphinic acid) (Stefels, 2000; Sunda et al., 2002; Bentley and Chasteen, 2004); (C) the methyl-erythritol (MEP) pathway (GA3P, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate; DMADP, dimethylallyl diphosphate; DXR, 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase; GPP, geranyl diphosphate; GGPP, geranylgeranyl diphosphate; DXP, 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate; DXS, 1-deoxyxylulose 5-phosphate synthase; HMBPP, (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl-2-enyl pyrophosphate; MVA, mevalonate synthesized via the mevalonate pathway contributing to IPP) (Lichtenthaler et al., 1997), all stages other than MVA and the formation of gibberellins occur within the chloroplast, and; (D) oxidation of isoprene by ROS (Jardine et al., 2012).