(Fig. 3-a) HGrC1 cells were stimulated with TGF-β (1 ng/ml) or TNF-α (5 ng/ml) for 24 hrs. MAPK inhibitors, PD98059 (ERK inhibitor 25μM), SB202190 (p38MAPK inhibitor, 10μM), and SP600125 (JNK inhibitor, 10 μM) and SB431542, (inhibitor of activin receptor-like kinase (ALK)-5, 10 μM) were added 1hr before the treatment with TGF-β or TNF-α. (Fig. 3-b) HGrC1 cells were stimulated with TGF-β (1 ng/ml) and TNF-α (5 ng/ml) for 24 hrs. SB202190 (p38MAPK inhibitor, 10 μM) and/ or SB431542 (ALK-5 inhibitor, 10μM) were added 1hr before the treatment with TGF-β and TNF-α. Total RNA was extracted from the cells and subjected to real-time PCR to determine the PAI-1 mRNA levels. Data were normalized by GAPDH mRNA levels to show the relative abundance. Representative data from three different experiments were shown as the mean ± S.E.M relative to an adjusted value of 1.0 for the mean value of the control. *: P<0.01 (vs. control), **: P<0.01 (vs. TGF-β and TNF-α).