Fig. 2.

Reduced movement inside aggregates is not sufficient to fully replicate aggregation in open-loop simulations. (A) Overview of open-loop (blue) and closed-loop (red) simulations. The extra path in the closed-loop model is in boldface type to highlight that the agent’s positions feed back into the density profile of the biofilm, closing the loop between individual- and population-level behaviors. (B) Comparison of experimental results with open-loop simulations in which agents reduce average movement proportional to cell density. (B, Left) Average (solid lines) and SDs (dashed lines) of the percentage of cells inside experimentally observed aggregate boundaries for experiment (red) and simulation (blue). (B, Right) Comparison of last frame of representative experientially observed (Observed) cell density with that observed in a simulation.