FIGURE 2.

IL-1β activation in cardiac damage. After cardiac injury such as AMI or I/R, exacerbated IL-1β signaling can induce NFκB and AP-1 activation and subsequent increase of pro-hypertrophic, contractile, inflammatory, apoptosis/necrosis, and fibrotic genes for autocrine and paracrine responses. These effects are reinforced in the diabetic myocardium, and can be stimulated by TNFα and TLRs signaling. However, some drugs may specifically target IL-1β actions by NLRP3, IL-1β, and IL-1R blockade. ECM, extra cellular matrix proteins.