Table 3.
Bivariate analysis of neonatal outcomes
| Alive and APGAR ≥ 7 (N = 401) | Died, or APGAR < 7 (N = 40) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | n | % | p-value | |
| District hospital | |||||
| Butaro | 147 | 91.3 | 14 | 8.7 | 0.486 |
| Kirehe | 128 | 92.2 | 10 | 7.2 | |
| Rwinkwavu | 125 | 88.7 | 16 | 11.3 | |
| Mother’s age group | (N = 395) | ||||
| 15–24 | 163 | 92.6 | 13 | 7.4 | 0.392 |
| 25–34 | 171 | 90.5 | 18 | 9.5 | |
| 35+ | 61 | 87.1 | 9 | 12.9 | |
| Number of prior pregnancies | (N = 37) | ||||
| 0 | 162 | 92.1 | 14 | 87.9 | 0.057 |
| 1–3 | 172 | 94.0 | 11 | 6.0 | |
| 4+ | 67 | 84.8 | 12 | 15.2 | |
| History of prior cesarean section | (N = 320) | (N = 29) | |||
| No | 199 | 90.5 | 21 | 9.5 | 0.320 |
| Yes | 121 | 93.8 | 8 | 6.2 | |
| Mother’s marital status | (N = 371) | (N = 33) | |||
| Single | 28 | 87.5 | 4 | 12.5 | 0.317 |
| Ever married | 343 | 92.2 | 29 | 7.8 | |
| Mother’s weight | (N = 333) | (N = 32) | |||
| ≤ 50 kg | 21 | 87.5 | 3 | 12.5 | 0.060 |
| 51–80 kg | 303 | 92.1 | 31 | 7.9 | |
| > 80 kg | 9 | 75.0 | 3 | 25.0 | |
| Occupation | (N = 372) | (N = 37) | |||
| Farmer | 338 | 90.6 | 35 | 9.3 | 0.261 |
| Employed | 22 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | |
| Unemployed | 12 | 85.7 | 2 | 14.3 | |
| Insurance | (N = 379) | (N = 36) | |||
| Community based health insurance | 344 | 91.2 | 33 | 8.8 | >0.999 |
| Private insurance | 24 | 92.3 | 2 | 7.7 | |
| None | 11 | 91.7 | 1 | 8.3 | |
| Travel time from health center to the hospitalc | (N = 321) | (N = 37) | |||
| Health center attached to the hospital | 88 | 96.7 | 5 | 3.3 | 0.022 |
| 30–60 min | 178 | 89.0 | 22 | 11.0 | |
| > 60 min | 55 | 84.6 | 10 | 15.4 | |
| Number of fetuses | (N = 39) | ||||
| 1 | 368 | 91.5 | 33 | 8.5 | 0.148 |
| 2 | 33 | 84.6 | 6 | 15.4 | |
| Gestational age | |||||
| < 38 weeks | 54 | 91.5 | 5 | 8.5 | 0.936 |
| 38–42 weeks | 262 | 92.2 | 22 | 7.8 | |
| > 42 weeks | 85 | 86.7 | 13 | 13.3 | |
| Duration of contractions prior to admission | (N = 258) | (N = 21) | |||
| ≤ 12 h | 75 | 90.4 | 8 | 9.6 | 0.656 |
| 13–24 h | 106 | 93.8 | 7 | 6.2 | |
| > 24 h | 77 | 92.8 | 6 | 7.2 | |
| Maternal blood pressure at admission (SBP/DBP) | (N = 365) | (N = 32) | |||
| Hypotension (<90/<50) | 2 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.374 |
| Normal (90–140/50–90) | 340 | 92.4 | 28 | 7.6 | |
| Hypertension (>140/>90) | 23 | 85.2 | 4 | 14.8 | |
| Oxygen saturation on admission | (N = 195) | (N = 21) | |||
| Low saturation (≤94%) | 6 | 85.7 | 1 | 14.3 | 0.516 |
| Normal saturation (>94%) | 189 | 90.4 | 20 | 9.6 | |
| Hemoglobin level (grams/deciliter) | (N = 254) | (N = 31) | |||
| Low (<12) | 42 | 87.5 | 6 | 12.5 | 0.582 |
| Normal (12–16) | 207 | 89.6 | 24 | 10.4 | |
| Above range (>16) | 5 | 83.3 | 1 | 16.7 | |
| Severity of cesarean section indication | |||||
| Very severe indicationa | 158 | 87.8 | 22 | 12.2 | 0.064 |
| Severe indicationb | 243 | 93.1 | 18 | 6.9 | |
SBP Systolic blood pressure
DBP Diastolic blood pressure
aVery severe indication included intrauterine rupture, fetal distress, cord prolapse and abruptio placentae
bSevere indication was defined as preeclampsia, prolonged rupture of membranes, cephalo-pelvic disproportion, prolonged labor and mal-presentation
cTravel time measured as average number of minutes for ambulance to travel from the health center to the district hospital