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. 2017 Jun 13;8:1036. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01036

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Copyright © 2017 Liu, Ming, Cheng, Zhang, Xing and Sun.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Three rooting developmental stages of Rubus spp. stem apex (modified from Heslop-Harrison, 1959. Panels (a–c) are enlarged views of the parts circled in red in panels (A–C), respectively. (A,a) SAP1, foliage on the tapering apex remains active; (B,b) SAP2, foliage on the apex withers, apex becomes blunt and its diameter increased dramatically; (C,c) SAP3, the apex becomes chlorotic and short roots began to form. Black arrows in above panels show axis orientations. PM, primocane; PMA, primocane apex; FO, foliage; RT, root. Scale bars in a, b, and c = 2.0 mm.