Table 1.

Most frequently encountered pathogens, according to the surgical procedure [8]

Type of surgery	Likely pathogens
Placement of grafts, prostheses, or implants	S. aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci
Cardiac	S. aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci
Neurosurgery	S. aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci
Breast	S. aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci
Ophthalmic (limited data; anterior segment resection, vitrectomy, and scleral buckling)	S. aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci, streptococci, Gram-negative bacilli
Orthopedic (total joint replacement, closed fractures/use of nails, plates, other internal fixation device, functional repair without implant/device trauma)	S. aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci, Gram-negative bacilli
Non-cardiac thoracic (lobectomy, pneumonectomy, wedge resection, other non-cardiac mediastinal procedures), closed tube thoracotomy	S. aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci, S. pneumoniae, Gram-negative bacilli
Vascular	S. aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci
Appendectomy	Gram-negative bacilli, anaerobes
Biliary tract	Gram-negative bacilli, anaerobes
Colorectal	Gram-negative bacilli, anaerobes
Gastroduodenal	Gram-negative bacilli, streptococci, oropharyngeal anaerobes (e.g., peptostreptococci)
Head and neck (mainly procedures with incision through oropharyngeal mucosa)	S. aureus, streptococci, oropharyngeal anaerobes (e.g., peptostreptococci)
Obstetric and gynecological	Gram-negative bacilli, enterococci, group B streptococci, anaerobes
Urological	Gram-negative bacilli

S. aureus Staphylococcus aureus