Table 2.
Association of select maternal and neonatal characteristics with low birth weight and macrosomia on neonates born in Tigray Region, Northern Ethiopia (n = 1152)
| Characteristics | Total live births | LBW | Macrosomia | LBW, Macrosomia | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Freq. | Percent | Freq.(RRR,95% CI) | Freq(RRR,95% CI) | P-value | |
| Birth weight | |||||
| Low birth weight | 121 | 10.5 | |||
| Normal | 954 | 82.8 | |||
| Macrosomia | 77 | 6.7 | |||
| Current age | |||||
| < 20 year | 95 | 8.2 | 9(ref) | 6(ref) | ref |
| 20–24 year | 328 | 28.5 | 32(1.0, 0.47–2.24) | 20(0.96, 0.37–2.5) | 0.94,0.94 |
| 25–35 year | 590 | 57.2 | 65(1.2, 0.57–2.48) | 40(1.1, 0.45–2.67) | 0.64,0.83 |
| ≥ 35 year | 139 | 12.1 | 15(1.17, 0.49–2.8) | 11(1.3, 0.46–3.65) | 0.71,0.62 |
| Number of children | |||||
| Primiparae | 610 | 53.0 | 60(ref) | 36(ref) | ref |
| 2–4 children | 424 | 36.8 | 39(0.94, 0.61–1.9) | 32(1.29, 0.78–2.1) | 0.80,0.30 |
| Multiple(≥5) | 118 | 10.2 | 22(2.16, 1.26–3.7) | 9(1.47, 0.68–3.17) | 0.005,0.31 |
| Birth interval | |||||
| Not applicable | 537 | 46.6 | 52(ref) | 29(ref) | ref |
| < Two years | 127 | 11.0 | 10(0.8, 0.39–1.64) | 9(1.31, 0.60–2.84) | 0.56,0.49 |
| > Two years | 488 | 42.4 | 59(1.32, 0.9–1.97) | 39(1.57, 0.95–2.6) | 0.16,0.07 |
| Disease | |||||
| Yes | 100 | 8.7 | 9(ref) | 5(ref) | ref |
| No | 1052 | 91.3 | 112(1.23, 0.6–2.5) | 72(1.42, 0.56–3.6) | 0.56,0.45 |
| Maternal complications | |||||
| Yes | 221 | 19.2 | 34(ref) | 23(ref) | ref |
| No | 930 | 80.8 | 86(0.52, 0.34–0.8) | 54(0.48, 0.29–0.8) | 0.003,0.006 |
| Sex | |||||
| Male | 610 | 52.9 | 54(ref) | 50(ref) | ref |
| Female | 542 | 47.1 | 67(1.4, 0.95–2.04) | 27(0.6, 0.37–0.99) | 0.082,0.046 |
| Body mass index | |||||
| Underweight | 119 | 10.6 | 14(ref) | 4(ref) | ref |
| Normal | 907 | 80.8 | 94(0.9, 0.49–1.63) | 58(1.9, 0.68–5.45) | 0.72,0.20 |
| Overweight | 96 | 8.6 | 12(1.25, 0.54–2.8) | 15(5.48, 1.7–17.2) | 0.59,0.004 |
| Gestational age | |||||
| Preterm | 93 | 8.1 | 49(13.6,8.5–22) | 1(0.3, 0.23–2.21) | <0.001,0.12 |
| Term | 990 | 85.9 | 71(ref) | 66(ref) | |
| Post term | 69 | 6.0 | 1(0.2, 0.02–1.51) | 10(2.22, 1.1–4.56) | 0.23,0.03 |
| Mode of delivery | |||||
| Vaginal | 846 | 73.5 | 90(ref) | 44(ref) | |
| Cesarean section | 241 | 20.9 | 27(1.15, 0.72–1.8) | 29(2.5,1.54–4.16) | 0.54,<0.001 |
| Instrumental | 65 | 5.6 | 4(0.55, 0.2–1.56) | 4(1.13, 0.4–3.27) | 0.26,0.81 |
| Antenatal follow up | |||||
| Yes | 1131 | 98.2 | 113(ref) | 76(ref) | |
| No | 21 | 1.8 | 8(5.55, 2.2–13.88) | 1(1.03, 0.13–8.05) | <0.001,0.975 |
RRR relative risk ratio, CI confidence interval, LBW low birth weight, Freq.: Frequency