Table 2.

Studies regarding relationship of copeptin and hypertension

Study	Subjects	Main finding
Banasiuk et al, 2014	53 essential hypertensive adolesants and 31 normotensive adolesants (control group)	-Hypertensive patients had higher serum copeptin levels (median, 267 vs. 107.3 (P <0.01) -Copeptin is positively correlated with both 24-h systolic and diastolic BP and night time BP load -In multiple regression models copeptin is independently associated with, systolic BP, uric acid and body mass index
Uzun et al, 2015	-76 newly diagnosed, non-treated, hypertensive patients -36 patients were dippers and 40 were non-dippers	-The mean copeptin values were found to be significantly higher in the nondipper hypertensive group [1.66 (1.19–4.01) and 1.35 (1.12–2.09) IU/ml, respectively, P = 0.026]. -There were weak positive correlations between copeptin and 24-h daytime systolic (r: 0.350, P = 0.027) and diastolic BP (r:0.372, P = 0.018) -The correlations between copeptin and nocturnal systolic (r: 0.593, P < 0.0001) and diastolic BPs(r: 0.523, P = 0.001) are stronger compared to daytime values
Schoen et al, 2015	-prospective cohort study of 2012 healthy individuals between 25 and 41 years	-In multivariable linear regression models, log transformed copeptin was significantly associated with systolic and diastolic night-time BP levels among men but not among women. -Copeptin was strongly associated with an increased systolic and diastolic daytime and night-time BP variability -There was no relationship between copeptin and daytime BPs both in men and women -There is significant correlation between copeptin and nighttime BP among men but not among women
Mendes et al,2016	-140 patients with resistant hypertension (defined as supine office BP of at least 140 and/or 90 mmHg who received a 4-week standardized triple therapy regimen, including hydrochlorothiazide (12.5 mg/day), irbesartan (300 mg/day), and amlodipine (5 mg/day) and 26 patients with controlled hypertension -Resistant hypertensive patients were then randomized for 12 weeks of sequential nephron blockade (n:74) or sequential RAS blockade (n:66).	-Plasma copeptin concentrations was higher in resistant hypertension compared to controlled hypertension ([geometric mean 5.7 (confidence interval 95% 5.1–6.4) vs. 2.9 (2.3–3.9) fmol/ml, adjusted P < 0.0001). -At 12 weeks, plasma copeptin concentration in patients whose BP was controlled by sequential nephron blockade or sequential RAS blockade [6.8 (5.6–8.2) and 4.3 (3.0–5.9) fmol/ml, respectively) remained significantly higher than in patients with CBP at baseline (P < 0.0001 vs. both)
Schwerg et al, 2016	-40 resistant hypertensive patients (defined as ABPM (ambulatory blood pressure monitoring) > 135 mmHg over 24 h despite treatment with at least three antihypertensive drugs at the maximum tolerated doses including a diuretic) who underwent renal sympathetic denervation (RDN).	-The responder rate was 47.5% on 24 h ABPM. (defined as a drop in systolic ABPM 5 mmHg) -The mean systolic 24 h blood pressure dropped from 152 ± 10 mmHg to 147 ± 17 mmHg (p: .044) in the six month follow up. -Diastolic blood pressure values decreased from 83 ± 11 to 81 ± 15 mmHg in the entire group (p:0.26) -The mean baseline level of Copeptin was 7.4 pmol/l (interquartile range 3.7–11.6) for responders and 8.4 pmol/l (interquartile range 5.7–11–8) for non-responders (p:0.53). -Copeptin levels did not change over time after renal denervation.

BP Blood Pressure, RAS Renin–angiotensin system, ABPM Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring, RDN Renal sympathetic denervation