Figure 5.

Distinct signatures of perceptual and pupil-linked modulations in visual cortex. A, Time–frequency representation of visual cortex power around target offsets, for trials with high (left) and low phasic pupil dilation (middle), and the difference (right). Fully saturated colors highlight clusters of significant modulation (p < 0.05, two-sided permutation test across subjects, cluster corrected). The solid black lines indicate time courses of pupil diameter, averaged over subjects. B, Corresponding results for target reappearance. C, Source reconstructed maps and scalp maps of the difference between high and low pupil dilation in the window indicated by the dashed box in A. D, Corresponding results for target reappearance. E, Frequency spectra of the modulation in the time window of 0–0.8 s with respect to stimulus change, compared with prestimulus change baseline. Shaded area corresponds to the SEM over subjects. F, Correlation matrices between the pupil-related and perceptual modulations of the spectra (left matrix, based on spectra shown in E) and spatial topographies (right matrix). Pearson correlations were performed per subject and were tested for significance using a permutation test (10,000 permutations, FDR corrected for multiple comparisons, ***p < 0.001).