Table 2.

Proteomics in the non-invasive diagnosis of renal acute rejection

Proteomics	Protein	Se/Sp (%)	n (AR)	References
Urine	ANXA11	NA	10	Srivastava et al. [67]
	β2-microglobulin	83.3/80	30	Oetting et al. [68]
	β-Defensin-1/α1-antichymotrypsin	NA	42	O'Riordan et al. [69]
	C4d	NA	26	Lederer et al. [70]
	CXCL9	83/84	53	Hricik et al. [71]
	CXCL9:Cr	86.4/91.3	28	Hu et al. [72]
		86/80	25	Jackson et al. [73]
		86/64	22	Schaub et al. [74]
		93/89	15	Hauser et al. [75]
		81.2/34.5	300	Rabant et al. [23]
	CXCL10 (IP-10)	86.4/91.3	28	Hu et al. [72]
	CXCL10:Cr	80/76	25	Jackson et al. [73]
		68/90	22	Schaub et al. [74]
		77/60	35	Blydt-Hansen et al. [76]
		81.6/50.8	300	Rabant et al. [23]
	Fractalkine	74.4/75	67	Peng et al. [77]
	Integrin α3	NA	10	Srivastava et al. [67]
	Integrin β3	NA	10	Srivastava et al. [67]
	NGAL	90 (cut-off = 30 ng/mL)/91(cut-off >130 ng/mL)	9	Heyne et al. [78]
	TNF-α	NA	10	Srivastava et al. [67]
	sVCAM	NA	26	Lederer et al. [70]
	9 urine proteins (HLA class II protein HLA-DRB1, KRT14, HIST1H4B, FGG, ACTB, FGB, FGA, KRT7, DPP4)	NA	74	Sigdel et al. [79]
Blood	CXCL10 (IP-10)	73.3/68	15	Zhang et al. [80]
	CXCR3	80/76	15	Zhang et al. [80]
	CD30	70/71.7	23	Nafar et al. [81]
		88/100	25	Pelzl et al. [82]
		70/73.6	10	Shooshtarizadeh et al. [83]
	Fractalkine	73.3/65	15	Zhang et al. [80]
	IL-2	NA	7	Kutukculer et al. [84]
	IL-4	NA	7	Kutukculer et al. [84]
	IL-6	NA	7	Kutukculer et al. [84]
	M-CSF	80/NA	25	Le Meur et al. [85]
	18 plasma proteins (titin, lipopolysaccharide-binding protein, peptidase inhibitor 16, complement factor D, etc.)	80/90a	27	Freue et al. [86]
	Combination: IL-1r antagonist, IL-20 and sCD40L	91/96	NA	Xu et al. [87]

Se, sensitivity; Sp, specificity; n (AR), number of patients with acute rejection; NA, not available.

^aClassification of BCAR based on a four-protein ELISA classifier: CFD, LCAT, SHBG and F9.