First author	Type of publication	Deaf individuals	Language exposure	Intervention (if applicable)	Mental health/behavioral outcomes
Altshuler 1971 USA	Clinical observations (16 years total)	1,000 New York State inpatients and outpatients	General lack of language exposure during early development		Schizophrenia prevalence comparable to general population, impulsive/aggressive behaviors, less depressive symptoms
Altshuler 1986 USA	Literature review	Literature review	General lack of language exposure during early development		Schizophrenic presentation different in deaf individuals, impulsive/aggressive behaviors common
Anderson 2011 USA	Quantitative study of trauma prevalence	100 deaf female college students	75 ASL, 21 English, 4 other		Deaf females approximately two times as likely to experience interpersonal victimization and trauma as hearing females
Anderson 2016 USA	Qualitative study of deaf-unique trauma experiences	17 deaf trauma survivors	ASL		Some trauma experiences overlap with general population, others are unique to deaf people (i.e., lack of communication with family)
Barker 2009 USA	Analysis of language and behavior problems	188 families with implanted, deaf children compared to 97 families with hearing children	Spoken English	Cochlear implant	Implanted children evidenced more behavior problems, oral language deficits, and parent-child communication than hearing children
Barnett 2011 USA	Literature review and commentary	Literature review and commentary	Limited access to environmental information		Low health literacy and health disparities exist in Deaf sign language populations
Basilier 1964 Norway	Theoretical review	Theoretical review	General lack of language exposure during early development		Associates general experience of deafness with a “deaf personality structure” and stresses a need for specialized psychiatric services
Black 2006 USA	Archival analysis of clinical records	64 discharged deaf inpatients	75% of deaf inpatients classified as “language deprived” or “dysfluent due to language deprivation”		Deaf inpatients more likely to present associated behavior issues with language deprivation than a psychotic disorder diagnosis
Cooper 1976 England	Literature review	Literature review	Differences in psychiatric presentation depending on hearing loss onset and severity		Highlights “problems of behavior and maladjustment related to deafness” as most common disorders in psychiatric literature as well as general knowledge deficits especially with early onset
Denmark 1971 England	Literature review	Literature review	Highlights relationship between deafness and psychiatry relating to impoverished language exposure		Personality development of deaf child described as “developmental retardation,” risk of general knowledge deficits
Denmark 1972 England	Describes process and barriers in establishing psychiatric unit for deaf people	109 deaf inpatients at time of publication	Inpatients generally had poor language exposure, and “educational retardation”	Staff communication in sign language beneficial for treatment, hired teacher for social skills training	Highlights psychiatric diagnosis as complex and time-consuming, describes patients as impulsive and lacking skills
Fellinger 2012 Austria	Literature review	Literature review	Connects poor language abilities with behavioral and psychosocial problems		Generally suggests prevalence of mental and behavioral health issues in deaf people to be elevated compared to general population, highlights lack of access to treatment
Gaines 2009 USA	Analysis of language and learning challenges in hearing adolescent inpatients	34 adolescent hearing inpatients	Generally had native language exposure but poor language skills	Concrete skills development, rather than traditional talk therapies	Poor language skills associated with psychiatric disorders and inpatient hospitalization in hearing adolescents
Giddan 1996 USA	Study of speech and language deficits prevalence in preadolescent hearing inpatients	55 preadolescent hearing inpatients	Native language exposure but clear speech and language deficits		60% of admitted inpatients had speech and language deficits, most prevalent in those with anxiety and aggressive conduct disorder
Glickman 2007 USA	Case study of deaf inpatient with language dysfluency	Deaf inpatient (“Juanita”)	Little to no education or sign language exposure		In-depth description of language dysfluency features connected to language deprivation
Glickman 2009a USA	Literature review and commentary	Literature review and commentary	Offers diagnostic criteria for “language deprivation with deficiencies in behavioral, emotional, and social adjustment”		Highlights social causes of language deprivation, potential co-morbidity of language deprivation with various behavioral diagnoses
Hauser 2010 USA	Literature review and commentary	Literature review and commentary	Highlights dinner table syndrome and general worldly knowledge deficits		Deaf individuals at risk for physical and mental health issues, less health literacy and knowledge
Horton 2010 USA	Study of sign language ability, cognition and functional status in deaf outpatients with schizophrenia	34 deaf outpatients with schizophrenia	Earlier sign language exposure associated with greater functional outcomes		Better language ability appears to improve functional outcomes of deaf individuals with schizophrenia
Huber 2011 USA	Quantitative study of mental health status	32 deaf adolescents with cochlear implant, 212 hearing adolescents	Spoken language	Cochlear implant	Implanted children more likely to experience peer problems, signing ability may have a relationship with emotional problems
Kitson 1990 England	Literature review and commentary	Literature review and commentary	General lack of language exposure during early development		Suggests that increased prevalence of mental health issues in deaf people is related to spoken-language policy in their education
Lane 1976 USA	Literature review and commentary	A hearing feral child, the Wild Boy of Aveyron	Raised by animals, delayed exposure to language		Described as “feral” and not being able to behave appropriately according to social norms
Long 1993 USA	Literature review and commentary	Literature review and commentary	Delayed language exposure creates “traditionally underserved” deaf individuals		Limited communication skills, difficulty maintaining employment without support, poor socio-emotional skills, inability to live independently
McKee 2015 USA	Quantitative study of health literacy assessment	166 deaf individuals and 239 hearing individuals	Health literacy was correlated with reading literacy		48% of deaf participants had inadequate health literacy, 6.9 times more likely than hearing individuals
Pollard 2014 USA	Quantitative study of intimate partner violence	308 deaf individuals from Rochester, 162 deaf individuals from national sample, 1,906 hearing individuals from Monroe County, NY	Ranging language experiences		Deaf individuals more likely to experience emotional abuse and forced sex from their partner than hearing individuals
Pollard 1998 USA	Literature review and commentary	Literature review and commentary	Generally highlights delayed language exposure in deaf mental health population		Describes language dysfluency as separate from psychotic symptoms
Rainer 1966 USA	Report of comprehensive mental health services for the deaf in New York State	Literature review and commentary	Generally highlights delayed language exposure in deaf mental health population		Highlights deaf patients not fitting existing diagnostic criteria, discusses “Primitive Personality Disorder” existing in the deaf mental health population
Schenkel 2014 USA	Study of maltreatment and trauma prevalence	147 deaf college students, 317 hearing college students	Ranging language experiences		Deaf participants more at risk for maltreatment and trauma experiences, general knowledge deficits as well
Sinkkonen 1994 Finland	Dissertation study	379 deaf students, 234 hearing students	Early exposure for deaf children with signing hearing parents		Found no difference in mental health prevalence between signing deaf and hearing children
Stevenson 2010 USA	Quantitative study of language development and behavior problems	120 children with hearing loss, 63 hearing children	Spoken English (signing children excluded from analyses)	Cochlear implant in some participants	Children with hearing loss had higher behavior problems, level of problems were highest among those children with least developed language
Thacker 1994 England	Quantitative study of sign language use in schizophrenic patients	30 schizophrenic and 7 maniac deaf adults	British Sign Language as primary means of communication		Formal communication disorder can occur in sign language
van Gent 2011 USA	Quantitative study of psychosocial risk factors	68 deaf adolescents	Spoken Dutch		Deaf adolescents at risk for self-esteem issues, emotional problems, and hearing peer rejection
Vernon 1969 USA	Book chapter focusing on hearing loss sociological and psychological factors	Literature review and commentary	Discusses delayed language exposure in deaf population		Generally suggests intelligence of deaf people to be comparable to hearing people, highlights social causes of deaf people’s lagging achievement in multiple developmental and educational areas from delayed language exposure
Vernon 1997 USA	Literature review and commentary	Literature review and commentary	Severely delayed language exposure		Suggests “Primitive Personality: Surdophrenia” and potential diagnostic criteria for especially deaf individuals with language deprivation who are placed in the legal system
Vernon 1968 USA	Literature review and commentary	Literature review and commentary	Discusses the deaf population as generally language-delayed		Delayed language exposure leads to defensive mechanisms, lack of insight, psychological immaturity, impulsiveness, higher incidence of certain psychiatric disorders
Weiler 2013 USA	Case study	Deaf inpatient (“D.S.”)	Complex history with incomplete language records and potential brain-based issues from pre-natal rubella	Risperidone, divalproex sodium	Physical aggression, paranoia, thought disorganization, learning difficulties, minimal language skills