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. 2017 Jun 13;7:3413. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-03597-w

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Microphysiological model of RBC transfusion-induced acute vascular injury. (A) Blood transfusion-induced vascular injury in the human lung. Transfused red blood cells (RBCs) disperse throughout the lung within microvessels and can cause endothelial injury that often leads to acute respiratory failure in the critically ill. (B) The dynamic interaction between transfused RBCs and the pulmonary microvascular endothelium in vivo is recreated in a microengineered in vitro model consisting of a microfluidic channel lined with primary human lung microvascular endothelial cells. Scale bar: 1 cm. (C) The luminal surface of the microfluidic endothelium is perfused with human RBCs to simulate transfusion. In the fluorescence micrograph shown at bottom, endothelial cells and RBCs are stained green and red, respectively. Blue shows nuclear staining in the endothelial cells. Scale bars: 50 μm.