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. 2017 Jun 13;7:3413. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-03597-w

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effect of mechanical stretch on transfusion-induced vascular injury. (A) The cell stretching system consists of grippers and motorized linear actuators that hold and stretch our cell culture microfluidic device in the lateral direction during perfusion experiments. (B) The entire platform can be mounted on a microscope stage for real-time monitoring and imaging of our model. (C) Uni-axial stretching of the microchannel by computer-controlled stretching system (Scale bar: 50 μm). The same microchannel was pseudo-colored at different levels of strain to show stretch-induced widening of the channel. (D) Quantification of extracellular HMGB1 measured in the fresh RBC units and perfusate from the control and transfusion groups in the presence and absence of cyclic stretch. Increases in the level of extracellular HMGB1 due to RBC transfusion are substantially higher when the endothelium is mechanically stretched at physiological strain (10%) and frequency (0.2 Hz) (***p < 0.001; n = 4 and n = 2 for the non-stretched and stretched groups, respectively). (E) Time-course measurement of extracellular HMGB1 in the tested groups. The concentration of extracellular HMGB1 in the stretched transfusion group (closed diamond) significantly increases within the first two hours of RBC transfusion. The rate of HMGB1 increase in this group is greater than that in the non-stretched transfusion group (closed circle).