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. 2017 Jun 13;7:3437. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-03040-0

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Combination treatment with Gem and non-invasive RF field exposure yields mildly enhanced cytotoxicity and cytostaticity as compared to Gem alone in PDAC monolayer cell culture. (a) Percent viability of PANC-1 cells treated with various combinations of RF and Gem; (b) Percent viability of PANC-1 cells treated with Gem alone and Gem+RF at 48 h; (c) Percent cytostaticity of PANC-1 cells treated with Gem alone and Gem+RF at 48 h. In all cases Gem was administered immediately after RF exposure (mean ± SD, n = 6). Statistical significance determined using two-tailed Student’s t-test with significance level 0.05 (*) or 0.01 (**).