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. 2017 Jun 13;7:3408. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-03632-w

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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A hypothetical model showing complex crosstalk among phytohormones, miR166/165, HD-ZIP IIIs and KAN genes regulating root growth. miR166/165 and HD-ZIP IIIs mediated root growth and development is regulated by various hormones such as IAA (red lines), GA (green lines), CK (grey lines), ABA (purple lines), JA (blue lines) and SA (orange lines) through transcriptional regulation of miR166/165, HD-ZIP IIIs and KAN genes. CK mediated regulation was adapted from³⁴. miR166/165 post transcriptionally regulates HD-ZIP IIIs expression, whereas KANs and HD-ZIP IIIs regulate each other transcriptionally through auxin biogenesis, signaling, transport components^{36, 37}. Solid thick lined arrows indicate strong transcriptional induction of genes. Solid thick lines with stop bars indicate strong transcriptional repression of genes. Narrower lined arrows/stop bars represent moderate or weak induction/repression, respectively. Dotted lines with arrow and repression mark represent both induction and repression of expression. Two dotted double lines (blue) with arrow/stop bars indicate hormonal regulation of root growth independent of miR166/165 and HD-ZIP IIIs.