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. 2017 Jun 13;7:3441. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-03724-7

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Experimental scheme. Three groups of six cows were immunized before calving by using three different immunization schedules. About two months after calving, all cows were challenged by inoculation of E. coli strain P4 into one quarter. Milk and blood samplings were carried out at the indicated times post-inoculation to monitor the infection and the immune response.