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. 2017 Jun 13;7:3441. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-03724-7

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Local symptoms and milk production. Mammary clinical score (a), Cumulative local mammary score over the first 80 hours upon intramammary challenge (b), Daily production expressed as a percentage of the reference production before challenge (c), milk production from day 1 to 6 (% compared to reference production) (d) and subcutaneous inflammation of the udder gland (e) following intramammary challenge with Escherichia coli P4 at 0 h in first lactation heifers from three treatment groups: adjuvant only (black circles), intramuscular injections (blue squares) intramuscular (c) and intramammary injections (red triangles). Means and error bars, corresponding to standard errors of the mean for each treatment group at each sample point (a and b) or standard deviation (c,d and e), are presented. Letters (a,b,c) indicate a difference (p value < 0.05, Two-way ANOVA and/or Mann Whitney test) between control and IM groups, control and IMM groups, and IM and IMM groups respectively. Asterisk indicate a difference (P < 0.05, Two-way ANOVA and/or Mann Whitney test) between immunization groups.