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. 2017 Jun 13;7:3334. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-03500-7

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Map and impression of the study sites. (a) Map of the study area showing the eight study sites (denoted by numbered stars), the locations of inaccessible and accessible forest plots (denoted by green-filled circles and yellow-filled triangles, respectively), and the area used for landscape mapping of woodland and grassland in accessible and inaccessible areas (denoted by a red oval). (b,c) Examples of study sites with the inaccessible ledges studied circled in red with the accessible human-impacted grasslands in the foreground. (d) first author abseiling into an inaccessible site. (e) Example of an inaccessible site with open forest intermixed with grassland. (f) Example of an accessible site. Photographs (b,c,e,f) taken by S.P. Sylvester; (d) taken by F. Heitkamp. ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model (GDEM) v2 data raster map presented in (a) is a product of NASA and METI and is distributed by NASA LP DAAC (https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/). Map generated using ArcGIS v.10.1 (http://www.esri.com/).