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. 2017 Jun 14;11:37. doi: 10.3389/fnsys.2017.00037

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Copyright © 2017 LaBerge and Kasevich.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Schematic diagram of the interior of an apical dendrite located near the sites of the thalamocortical axon input. The border of the interior region is formed by a thin membrane containing a high density of channels (gates) including the inward sodium (Na++) channels in the spines and the outward potassium (K+) channels in the membrane. The flow of ion charges through these channels operates on the surges of current as they pass down the apical dendrite to shape the resonance profile of push–pause oscillations. Other membrane channels are omitted for clarity. The description for the narrowing of the profile is given by Equation [19] in Kasevich and LaBerge (2011).