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. 2017 Jun 14;10:182. doi: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00182

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Copyright © 2017 Shetty, Hattiangady, Upadhya, Bates, Attaluri, Shuai, Kodali and Shetty.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Animals with chronic gulf war illness-like symptoms (GWI-rats) showed increased levels of multiple pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and malondialdehyde (MDA) in serum when examined 6 months after exposure to GWI-related chemicals and stress. Bar charts A1–A12 compare the relative levels of cytokines and chemokines between naïve control rats and GWI-rats (n = 6/group). Note the increased levels of Tnfa, IL1b, IL1a, Tgfb, MIP1a, IL6, IP10, Scf, Vegf, Fgfb, IL5, and IL15 (A1–A12) in GWI-rats, in comparison to age-matched naive control rats. Bar chart B illustrates an elevated concentration of MDA in the serum of GWI-rats, in comparison to naïve control rats (n = 6/group). ^∗, p < 0.05; ^∗∗p < 0.01; ^∗∗∗p < 0.001; ^∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001.