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. 2016 Dec 8;43(5):521–545. doi: 10.1080/1040841X.2016.1242868

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

Licensed and prospective antiviral therapeutics in clinical trials for influenza virus infection. The continual rise of resistance to current therapeutics necessitates the development of further anti-influenza drugs, targeted at multiple stages of the infection and replication cycle. Therapeutics described in Figure 1 are currently or have recently been under investigation in clinical trials registered with Clinicaltrials.gov. Therapeutics targeting receptor binding include nitazoxanide (Rossignol et al., 2009; reviewed in Rossignol, 2014), anti-influenza immune plasma (Luke et al., 2006; NIAID, 2010; Zhou et al., 2007; reviewed in Hui & Lee 2013) and anti-influenza hyperimmune intravenous immunoglobulin (Hung et al., 2013; NIAID, 2014). Therapeutics targeting membrane fusion include arbidol (Gagarinova et al., 1993; reviewed in Blaising et al., 2014), VIS410 (Tharakaraman et al., 2015; Visterra Inc, 2015;), Flufirvitide-3 (Autoimmune Technologies LLC [date unknown]; Autoimmune Technologies LLC, 2015), MHAA4549A (Genentech Inc., 2014; Lim et al., 2016; Nakamura et al., 2013), and MEDI8852 (Kallewaard et al., 2016; MedImmune LLC, 2015). Therapeutics targeting ribonucleoprotein release include the adamantanes, amantadine, and rimantadine (Davies et al., 1964; Wingfield et al., 1969; reviewed in Alves Galvão et al., 2014), and AVI-7100 (NIAID, 2012; reviewed in Dunning et al., 2014). Therapeutics targeting viral replication include favipiravir (Furuta et al., 2002; reviewed in Furuta et al., 2013), VX-787 (Clark et al., 2014; reviewed in Stevaert & Naesens, 2016), ribavirin (Durr et al., 1975; Eriksson et al. 1977; Smith et al., 1980; Smee et al., 2006) and AL-794 (Alios Biopharma Inc., 2015; reviewed in Blair & Cox, 2016). Therapeutics targeting virion release include neuraminidase inhibitors (Babu et al., 2000; Kim et al., 1997; von Itzstein et al., 1993; Yamashita et al., 2009; reviewed in Kamali & Holodniy 2013) and TCN-032 (Ramos et al., 2015). Therapeutics with unidentified mechanisms include banlangen granules (Hutchison Whampoa Guangzhou Baiyunshan Chinese Medicine Company Limited, 2012).