Receiver operating characteristic curves for discriminative ability of Causative Classification of Stroke (CCS), Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST), and ASCO (A for atherosclerosis, S for small-vessel disease, C for cardiac source, and O for other cause) for 90-day recurrence-free survival (A) and 90-day survival (B). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curves were 0.71 (95% CI, 0.66-0.75) for CCS, 0.61 (95% CI, 0.56-0.67) for TOAST, and 0.66 (95% CI, 0.60-0.71) for ASCO for 90-day recurrence-free survival and 0.67 (95% CI, 0.64-0.70) for CCS, 0.65 (95% CI, 0.62-0.69) for TOAST, and 0.66 (95% CI, 0.63-0.69) for ASCO for 90-day survival.