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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: Sci Transl Med. 2017 Mar 1;9(379):eaah4586. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aah4586

Fig. 4. Nanowarming scale up from 1 kW to 15 kW inductive heating system.

Fig. 4

(A) Schematic of RF heating system scale up from 1 kW to 15 kW to enable heating up to 80 mL with an increased SAR. (B) The cross-sectional and 3D representations of the cylindrical system to be vitrified and convectively warmed or nanowarmed. (C) The limitations of gold standard convective cooling and rewarming vs. nanowarming on vitrification (success and failure) of 0.5 – 2.5 cm radius cylinders as reported numerically in table S2. Successful cooling (blue shading) and warming (red shading) are defined by the critical minimum cooling and warming rates for VS55 and thermal stress lower than 3.2 MPa. More details of this model are given in the Supplementary Materials.