Table 2. Women Bereaved by Suicide Compared With the General Population (Group A) in Denmark Aged 18 Years and Over During 1980 to 2014a.
| 5-y Follow-up | Long-term Follow-up | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spouses Bereaved by Suicide | General Population | IRR (95% CI) | |||||
| No. | IR per 100 000 PY | No. | IR per 100 000 PY | Unadjusted | Adjusteda | Adjusteda | |
| Mental disordersb | |||||||
| Any psychiatric diagnosis | 587 | 1235 | 386 846 | 512 | 2.4 (2.2-2.6) | 1.7 (1.6-1.8) | 1.1 (1.0-1.1) |
| Mood disorders | 231 | 445 | 184 072 | 233 | 1.9 (1.7-2.2) | 1.5 (1.3-1.7) | 1.1 (1.0-1.1) |
| PTSD | 29 | 54 | 9678 | 12 | 4.5 (3.1-6.5) | 8.7 (6.0-12.5) | 2.6 (1.9-3.6) |
| Anxiety disorders | 95 | 180 | 87 962 | 110 | 1.6 (1.3-2.0) | 1.4 (1.1-1.7) | 1.1 (1.0-1.2) |
| Alcohol use disorder | 140 | 266 | 81 809 | 102 | 2.6 (2.2-3.1) | 2.3 (1.9-2.7) | 2.0 (1.8-2.2) |
| Drug use disorder | 62 | 116 | 57 724 | 72 | 1.6 (1.3-2.1) | 1.6 (1.2-2.1) | 1.6 (1.4-1.8) |
| Prescribed antidepressants | 803 | 1665 | 876 917 | 1197 | 1.4 (1.3-1.5) | 1.3 (1.2-1.3) | 1.1 (1.0-1.1) |
| Deliberate self-harm | 114 | 218 | 62 753 | 79 | 2.8 (2.3-3.3) | 2.1 (1.8-2.6) | 1.6 (1.4-1.8) |
| Physical disorders | |||||||
| Cancerc | 334 | 643 | 445 274 | 570 | 1.1 (1.0-1.3) | 1.2 (1.0-1.3) | 1.2 (1.2-1.3) |
| Diabetesc | 89 | 167 | 166 151 | 209 | 0.8 (0.6-1.0) | 0.7 (0.6-0.9) | 1.0 (0.9-1.1) |
| Sleep disorder | 12 | 22 | 21 821 | 27 | 0.8 (0.5-1.4) | 1.4 (0.7-2.8) | 1.4 (1.0-1.8) |
| Cardiovascular diseases | 749 | 1632 | 1 116 171 | 1595 | 1.0 (1.0-1.1) | 0.9 (0.8-1.0) | 1.0 (1.0-1.1) |
| Chronic lower respiratory tract diseasesc | 172 | 326 | 253 059 | 321 | 1.0 (0.9-1.2) | 0.9 (0.7-1.0) | 1.2 (1.1-1.2) |
| Liver cirrhosisc | 37 | 69 | 26 043 | 32 | 2.1 (1.5-2.9) | 2.1 (1.5-2.9) | 2.0 (1.6-2.3) |
| Spinal disc herniation | 151 | 288 | 176 892 | 224 | 1.3 (1.1-1.5) | 1.5 (1.3-1.8) | 1.4 (1.3-1.5) |
| Mortality | |||||||
| Any death | 796 | 1465 | 988 209 | 1218 | 1.2 (1.1-1.3) | 1.3 (1.2-1.3) | 1.1 (1.0-1.1) |
| Natural death | 596 | 1097 | 935 957 | 1153 | 1.0 (0.9-1.0) | 1.0 (0.9-1.1) | 1.0 (1.0-1.1) |
| Unintentional | 27 | 50 | 40 047 | 49 | 1.0 (0.7-1.5) | 0.9 (0.6-1.3) | 0.9 (0.8-1.1) |
| Suicide | 95 | 175 | 11 085 | 14 | 12.8 (10.5-15.7) | 8.5 (7.0-10.5) | 4.5 (3.7-5.4) |
| Homicide | 78 | 144 | 1126 | 1 | 103.5 (82.2-130.1) | 62.7 (48.5-81.2) | 30.6 (23.8-39.3) |
| Social and work-related events | |||||||
| Divorce | 64 | 129 | 420 088 | 564 | 0.2 (0.2-0.3) | 0.2 (0.1-0.2) | 0.5 (0.5-0.6) |
| Children placed outside home | 208 | 409 | 89 175 | 113 | 3.6 (3.2-4.1) | 4.8 (4.2-5.5) | 3.7 (3.3-4.1) |
| Municipal family support | 198 | 376 | 85 888 | 107 | 3.5 (3.0-4.0) | 5.7 (4.9-6.5) | 2.9 (2.6-3.2) |
| Sick leave | 1184 | 2891 | 1 017 316 | 1533 | 1.9 (1.8-2.0) | 3.5 (3.3-3.7) | 2.2 (2.1-2.3) |
| Unemployed | 1019 | 2911 | 1 242 117 | 2220 | 1.3 (1.2-1.4) | 2.3 (2.1-2.4) | 1.9 (1.8-2.0) |
| Disability pension | 48 | 89 | 24 316 | 30 | 3.0 (2.2-3.9) | 3.3 (2.5-4.4) | 2.8 (2.3-3.3) |
| Service usage | |||||||
| Somatic hospitalization | 632 | 1332 | 854 221 | 1200 | 1.1 (1.0-1.2) | 0.7 (0.7-0.8) | 0.8 (0.8-0.9) |
| Psychiatric hospitalization | 136 | 260 | 61 313 | 77 | 3.4 (2.9-4.0) | 3.2 (2.8-3.9) | 2.2 (2.0-2.5) |
| GP contact | 1,663 | 15 327 | 2 105 681 | 13 220 | 1.2 (1.1-1.2) | 0.9 (0.9-1.0) | 1.0 (1.0-1.0) |
| Psychological/psychiatric therapy | 310 | 587 | 107 043 | 134 | 4.4 (3.9-4.9) | 5.3 (4.7-5.9) | 2.1 (2.0-2.3) |
Abbreviations: IR, Incidence rate; IRR, incidence rate ratio; PTSD, posttraumatic stress disorder; PY, person-years.
a
Multivariate models were adjusted for calendar period, country of birth, age groups, civil status, household income level, presence of chronic physical disorders (measured using the Charlson Index), previous psychiatric hospitalization, and previous records of self-harm.
b
As a person could have been diagnosed with more than 1 mental disorder, the total number of people with any mental disorder is smaller than the sum of people with specific disorders.
c
The examined physical disorder is included in the Charlson Index, so an adaptation of the Charlson Index without the specific physical disorder was used for the multivariate model.