Table 1. Heroin Use and Demographic Correlates in the 2001-2002 NESARC and the 2012-2013 NESARC-III.
| Variable | Unadjusted Lifetime Heroin Use | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2001-2002 NESARC (n = 43 093) |
2012-2013 NESARC-III (n = 36 309) |
P Valuea | |||
| Prevalence (SE), % | PD (SE), % | Prevalence (SE), % | PD (SE), % | ||
| Overall | 0.33 (0.03) | NA | 1.61 (0.08) | NA | NA |
| Sex | |||||
| Male | 0.52 (0.05) | 0.36 (0.06) | 2.41 (0.15) | 1.55 (0.17) | <.001 |
| Female | 0.16 (0.03) | 1 [Reference] | 0.86 (0.07) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Race/ethnicity | |||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 0.34 (0.04) | 0.02 (0.06) | 1.90 (0.12) | 0.85 (0.17) | <.001 |
| Nonwhiteb | 0.32 (0.05) | 1 [Reference] | 1.05 (0.10) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Age, y | |||||
| 18-29 | 0.26 (0.07) | −0.09 (0.08) | 1.81 (0.21) | 0.35 (0.24) | .09 |
| 30-44 | 0.36 (0.06) | 0.01 (0.08) | 1.75 (0.17) | 0.29 (0.21) | .21 |
| ≥45 | 0.35 (0.05) | 1 [Reference] | 1.46 (0.11) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Marital status | |||||
| Married or living as married | 0.23 (0.04) | 1 [Reference] | 1.10 (0.10) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Widowed, separated, or divorced | 0.48 (0.08) | 0.25 (0.09) | 2.33 (0.19) | 1.23 (0.22) | <.001 |
| Unmarried | 0.51 (0.09) | 0.28 (0.10) | 2.29 (0.21) | 1.19 (0.25) | <.001 |
| Educational level | |||||
| Less than high school | 0.41 (0.09) | 0.12 (0.10) | 2.01 (0.23) | 0.71 (0.25) | .03 |
| High school | 0.39 (0.07) | 0.11 (0.08) | 2.15 (0.19) | 0.85 (0.23) | .003 |
| Some college or more | 0.28 (0.04) | 1 [Reference] | 1.30 (0.10) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Poverty levelc | |||||
| <100% FPL | 0.44 (0.11) | 0.16 (0.12) | 2.42 (0.22) | 1.20 (0.26) | <.001 |
| 100%-200% FPL | 0.42 (0.08) | 0.14 (0.09) | 1.95 (0.18) | 0.74 (0.20) | .008 |
| >200% FPL | 0.28 (0.03) | 1 [Reference] | 1.22 (0.10) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Urbanicity | |||||
| Rural | 0.23 (0.07) | 1 [Reference] | 1.28 (0.18) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Urban | 0.36 (0.04) | 0.12 (0.08) | 1.70 (0.09) | 0.42 (0.20) | .17 |
| Region | |||||
| Northeast | 0.38 (0.09) | 1 [Reference] | 1.54 (0.21) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Midwest | 0.22 (0.05) | −0.16 (0.10) | 1.54 (0.19) | 0 (0.28) | .59 |
| South | 0.32 (0.05) | −0.06 (0.10) | 1.60 (0.13) | 0.06 (0.24) | .66 |
| West | 0.42 (0.07) | 0.05 (0.11) | 1.74 (0.14) | 0.21 (0.25) | .57 |
Abbreviations: FPL, federal poverty level; NA, not applicable; NESARC, National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions; PD, prevalence difference.
a
Calculated as the difference in PDs (back-transformed from predicted marginal log-odds).
b
Nonwhite includes non-Hispanic black, Hispanic, Asian or Pacific Islanders, or Native American.
c
Determined by family income and family size using the federal poverty guidelines published annually by the US Department of Health and Human Services. Individuals or families making less than 100% of the FPL are considered to be below the poverty level.